Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T23:09:50.452Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Influence of age on mastication: effects on eating behaviour

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

Laurence Mioche ,
Pierre Bourdiol  and
Marie-Agnès Peyron
Laurence Mioche*
Affiliation:
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches sur la Viande, Theix, 63 122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
Pierre Bourdiol
Affiliation:
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches sur la Viande, Theix, 63 122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
Marie-Agnès Peyron
Affiliation:
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches sur la Viande, Theix, 63 122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
*
*Corresponding author: Dr L. Mioche, fax +33 4 73 62 40 89, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The present review covers current knowledge about the ageing of oral physiology related to mastication and its effects on eating behaviour. Mastication is the first process undergone by a food during feeding. It has a key role in the maintenance of nutritional status in two respects. First, the perceptions of food's sensory properties elicited during chewing and swallowing are one of the major determinants of the pleasure which drives us to eat; second, the properties of the swallowed bolus are affected by oral conditions and this may modulate the subsequent phases of digestion. Ageing in healthy dentate subjects induces moderate changes in oral physiology. Changes in neuromuscular activity are partly compensated by changes in chewing behaviour. No clear age effect is seen in texture perception, although this does impact on food bolus properties. In contrast, great alterations in both chewing behaviour and food bolus properties are observed when ageing is associated with a compromised dentition, general health alterations and drug intake. Eating behaviour is far more complex than just chewing behaviour and the concerns of the elderly about food cannot be explained solely by oral physiology. Discrepancies are often noticed with older subjects between various objective measurements of oral performance and corresponding measures of self-perception. In addition, although more foods are recognised as hard to chew with increasing age, there is no clear shift in preference towards food that is easy to chew. Food choices and food consumption are also driven by memory, psychology and economic factors. Advances in the understanding of food choice in the elderly need a sustained collaborative research effort between sensory physiologists, nutritionists, and food scientists.

Keywords

MasticationSalivationElderlyEating behaviourFood choice
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 17 , Issue 1 , June 2004 , pp. 43 - 54
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2004

References

Agerberg, G & Carlsson, GE (1981) Chewing ability in relation to dental and general health. Analyses of data obtained from a questionnaire. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 39, 147–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agrawal, KR, Lucas, PW & Bruce, IC (2000) The effects of food fragmentation index on mandibular closing angle in human mastication. Archives of Oral Biology 45, 577–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agrawal, KR, Lucas, PW, Bruce, IC & Prinz, JF (1998) Food properties that influence neuromuscular activity during human mastication. Journal of Dental Research 77, 1931–1938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, M (1998) News of chews: the optimization of mastication. Nature 391, 329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnal, MA, Mosoni, L, Dardevet, D, Ribeyre, MC, Bayle, G, Prugnaud, J & Patureau Mirand, P (2002) Pulse protein feeding pattern restores stimulation of muscle protein synthesis during the feeding period in old rats. Journal of Nutrition 132, 1002–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakke, M, Holm, B, Jensen, BL, Michler, L & Moller, E (1990) Unilateral, isometric bite force in 8–68-year-old women and men related to occlusal factors. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 98, 149–158.Google ScholarPubMed
Baudet-Pommel, M, Albuisson, E, Kemeny, JL, Falvard, F, Ristori, JM, Fraysse, MP & Sauvezie, B (1994) Early dental loss in Sjogren's syndrome. Histologic correlates. European Community Study Group on Diagnostic Criteria for Sjogren's Syndrome (EEC COMAC). Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 78, 181–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, BJ & Bodner, L (1983) Aging and oral motor function: evidence for altered performance among older persons. Journal of Dental Research 62, 2–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Begg, PR & Kesling, PC (1977) The differential force method of orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics 71, 1–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, DC & Mahood, M (1966) Oral stereognosis and oral ability in relation to prosthetic treatment. British Dental Journal 120, 179–185.Google ScholarPubMed
Blanksma, NG, Van Eijden, TMGJ & Weijs, WA (1992) Electromyographic heterogeneity in the human masseter muscle. Journal of Dental Research 71, 47–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourdiol, P & Mioche, L (2000) Correlations between functional and occlusal tooth-surface areas and food texture during natural chewing sequences in humans. Archives of Oral Biology 45, 691–699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourdiol, P, Mioche, L & Monier, S (2004) Effect of age on salivary flow obtained under feeding and non-feeding conditions. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation (in the Press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourne, M (2002) Food Texture and Viscosity: Concept and Measurement. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodeur, JM, Laurin, D, Vallee, R & Lachapelle, D (1993) Nutrient intake and gastrointestinal disorders related to masticatory performance in the edentulous elderly. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 70, 468–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budtz-Jorgensen, E, Chung, JP & Mojon, P (2000) Successful aging – the case for prosthetic therapy. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 60, 308–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busse, EW (1977) Theories of aging. In Behavior and Adaptation in Later Life 8–30. [Busse, EW and Pfeiffer, E editors]. Boston, MA: Little Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Cahen, PM, Obry-Musset, AM, Grange, D & Frank, RM (1993) Caries prevalence in 6- to 15-year-old French children based on the 1987 and 1991 national surveys. Journal of Dental Research 72, 1581–1587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canalda, K (1990) Homage to Pedro Planas. Actualites Odonto-Stomatologiques December, 561–568.Google ScholarPubMed
Carlos, JP & Wolfe, MD (1989) Methodological and nutritional issues in assessing the oral health of aged subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 1210–1218; 1231–1235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, KM, Doherty, TJ & Brown, WF (2001) Contractile properties of human motor units in health, aging, and disease. Muscle and Nerve 24, 1113–1133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chauncey, HH, Muench, ME, Kapur, KK & Wayler, AH (1984) The effect of the loss of teeth on diet and nutrition. International Dental Journal 34, 98–104.Google ScholarPubMed
Chen, HL & Huang, YC (2003) Fiber intake and food selection of the elderly in Taiwan. Nutrition 19, 332–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chestnutt, IG, Binnie, VI & Taylor, MM (2000) Reasons for tooth extraction in Scotland. Journal of Dentistry 28, 295–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chi-Fishman, G & Sonies, BC (2002) Effects of systematic bolus viscosity and volume changes on hyoid movement kinematics. Dysphagia 17, 278–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, CM, Brand, JG & Malamud, D (1987) Salivary changes in solution pH: a source of individual differences in sour taste perception. Physiology and Behavior 40, 221–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, CM & Navazesh, M (1984) Anticipatory salivary flow to the sight of different foods. Appetite 5, 307–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crum, RJ & Loiselle, RJ (1972) Oral perception and proprioception: a review of the literature and its significance to prosthodontics. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 28, 215–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Laat, A (1987) Reflexes elicitable in jaw muscles and their role during jaw function and dysfunction: a review of the literature – Part I – Receptors associated with the masticatory system. Journal of Craniomandibular Practice 5, 140–151.Google ScholarPubMed
de Wijk, RA, Engelen, L & Prinz, J (2003) The role of intra-oral manipulation in the perception of sensory attributes. Appetite 40, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz-tay, J, Jayasinghe, N, Lucas, PW, McCallum, JC & Jones, JT (1991) Association between surface electromyography of human jaw-closing muscle and quantified food breakdown. Archives of Oral Biology 36, 893–898.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffy, VB, Cain, WS & Ferris, AM (1999) Measurement of sensitivity to olfactory flavor: application in a study of aging and dentures. Chemical Senses 24, 671–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkerdany, MK & Fahim, MA (1993) Age changes in neuromuscular junctions of masseter muscle. The Anatomical Record 237, 291–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, LH, Paluch, R & Coleman, KJ (1996) Differences in salivation to repeated food cues in obese and nonobese women. Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine 58, 160–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farell, JH (1956) The effect of mastication on the digestion of food. British Dental Journal 100, 149–155.Google Scholar
Feldman, RS, Alman, J, Muench, ME & Chauncey, HH (1984) Longitudinal stability and masticatory function of human dentition. Gerodontology 3, 107–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, RS, Kapur, KK, Alman, JE & Chauncey, HH (1980) Aging and mastication: changes in performance and in the swallowing threshold with natural dentition. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 28, 97–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontijn-Tekamp, FA, Slagter, AP, Van Der Bilt, A, Van ′T Hof, MA, Witter, DJ, Kalk, W & Jansen, JA (2000) Biting and chewing in overdentures, full dentures, and natural dentitions. Journal of Dental Research 79, 1519–1524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontijn-Tekamp, FA, van ′t Hof, MA, Slagter, AP & van Waas, MA (1996) The state of dentition in relation to nutrition in elderly Europeans in the SENECA study of 1993. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, Suppl. 2, S117–S122.Google ScholarPubMed
Garcia, RI, Perlmuter, LC & Chauncey, HH (1989) Effects of dentition status and personality on masticatory performance and food acceptability. Dysphagia 4, 121–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaspard, M, Laison, F & Lautrou, A (1977) Organization of muscular structures employed in mastication in mammals. Rivista Italiana di Stomatologia 17–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Gelb, H & Gelb, M (1989) Taking the mystique out of the diagnosis and treatment of craniomandibular (TMJ) disorders. International Dental Journal 39, 129–139.Google ScholarPubMed
Gibbs, CH, Mahan, PE, Lundeen, HC, Brehnan, K, Walsh, EK, Sinkewiz, SL & Ginsberg, SB (1981) Occlusal forces during chewing – influences of biting strength and food consistency. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 46, 561–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbertson, TA (1998) Peripheral mechanisms of taste. In The Scientific Basis of Eating, pp. 1–28. [Linden, R editor]. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.Google Scholar
Guinard, JX, Zoumas-Morse, C & Walchak, C (1997) Relation between parotid saliva flow and composition and the perception of gustatory and trigeminal stimuli in foods. Physiology and Behavior 63, 109–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagberg, C (1987) Assessment of bite force: a review. Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders 1, 162–169.Google ScholarPubMed
Hatae, K, Toda, S, Imae, E, Matsuoka, Y, Doubles, PG & Kasai, M (2001) Comparative study on the sensitivity to graininess perception and taste efficiency ratio between the elderly and the young (in Japanese). Journal of Japanese Society of Food Sciences and Technology 48, 491–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatch, JP, Shinkai, RS, Sakai, S, Rugh, JD & Paunovich, ED (2001) Determinants of masticatory performance in dentate adults. Archives of Oral Biology 46, 641–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heath, MR (1982) The effect of maximum biting force and bone loss upon masticatory function and dietary selection of the elderly. International Dental Journal 32, 345–356.Google ScholarPubMed
Hector, MP & Linden, RW (1987) The possible role of periodontal mechanoreceptors in the control of parotid secretion in man. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 72, 285–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herring, SW (1993) Functional morphology of mammalian mastication. American Zoology 33, 289–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herring, SW & Wineski, LE (1986) Development of the masseter muscle and oral behavior in the pig. Journal of Experimental Zoology 237, 191–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hiiemae, K, Heath, MR, Heath, G, Kazazoglu, E, Murray, J, Sapper, D & Hamblett, K (1996) Natural bites, food consistency and feeding behaviour in man. Archives of Oral Biology 41, 175–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hiiemae, KM & Palmer, JB (1999) Food transport and bolus formation during complete feeding sequences on foods of different initial consistency. Dysphagia 14, 31–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirano, H, Ishiyama, N, Watanabe, I & Nasu, I (1999) Masticatory ability in relation to oral status and general health on aging. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 3, 48–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Horio, T & Kawamura, Y (1989) Effects of texture of food on chewing patterns in the human subject. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 16, 177–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hull, PS, Worthington, HV, Clerehugh, V, Tsirba, R, Davies, RM & Clarkson, JE (1997) The reasons for tooth extractions in adults and their validation. Journal of Dentistry 25, 233–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchings, JB & Lillford, PJ (1988) The perception of food texture – the philosophy of the breakdown path. Journal of Texture Studies 19, 103–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, B, Feine, J & Morais, J (2002) Is there an association between edentulism and nutritional state? Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 68, 182–187.Google ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, R & Van Steenberghe, D (1994) Role of periodontal ligament receptors in the tactile function of teeth: a review. Journal of Periodontal Research 29, 153–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Junge, D & Clark, GT (1993) Electromyographic turns analysis of sustained contraction in human masseter muscles at various isometric force levels. Archives of Oral Biology 38, 583–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, KK & Collister, T (1970) A study of food textural discrimination in persons with natural and artificial dentitions. In Second Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception, pp. 332–339. [Charles, CT editor]. Springfield, OH: Thomas Publisher Ltd.Google Scholar
Karlsson, S & Carlsson, GE (1990) Characteristics of mandibular masticatory movement in young and elderly dentate subjects. Journal of Dental Research 69, 473–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, RF & Hiiemae, KM (1974) Jaw movement and tooth use in recent and fossil primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40, 227–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohyama, K, Mioche, L & Martin, JF (2002) Chewing pattern of various texture foods studied by electromyography in young and elderly populations. Journal of Texture Studies 33, 269–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koshino, H, Hirai, T, Ishijima, T & Ikeda, Y (1997) Tongue motor skills and masticatory performance in adult dentates, elderly dentates, and complete denture wearers. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 77, 147–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kossioni, AE & Karkazis, HC (1998) Jaw reflexes in healthy old people. Age and Ageing 27, 689–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krall, EA, Garcia, RI & Dawson-Hughes, B (1996) Increased risk of tooth loss is related to bone loss at the whole body, hip, and spine. Calcified Tissue International 59, 433–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krall, EA, Wehler, C, Garcia, RI, Harris, SS & Dawson-Hughes, B (2001) Calcium and vitamin D supplements reduce tooth loss in the elderly. American Journal of Medicine 111, 452–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landt, H & Fransson, B (1975) Oral ability to recognize forms and oral muscular coordination ability in dentulous young and elderly adults. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2, 125–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, VM & Linden, RWA (1992) An olfactory-submandibular salivary reflex in humans. Experimental Physiology 77, 221–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levers, BG & Darling, AI (1983) Continuous eruption of some adult human teeth of ancient populations. Archives of Oral Biology 28, 401–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logemann, JA, Smith, CH, Pauloski, BR, Rademaker, AW, Lazarus, CL, Colangelo, LA, Mittal, B, MacCracken, E, Gaziano, J, Stachowiak, L & Newman, LA (2001) Effects of xerostomia on perception and performance of swallow function. Head and Neck 23, 317–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, PW & Luke, DA (1983) Methods for analysing the breakdown of food in human mastication. Archives of Oral Biology 28, 813–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucas, PW, Prinz, JP, Agrawal, KR & Bruce, IC (2002) Food physics and oral physiology. Food Quality and Preference 13, 203–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, JP (1991) Mastication and its control by the brain stem. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 2, 33–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mao, J & Osborn, JW (1994) Direction of a bite force determines the pattern of activity in jaw-closing muscles. Journal of Dental Research 73, 1112–1120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marciani, L, Gowland, PA, Spiller, RC, Manoj, P, Moore, RJ, Young, P, Al-Sahab, S, Bush, D, Wright, J & Fillery-Travis, AJ (2000 a) Gastric response to increased meal viscosity assessed by echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging in humans. Journal of Nutrition 130, 122–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marciani, L, Young, P, Wright, J, Moore, RJ, Evans, DF, Spiller, RC & Gowland, PA (2000 b) Echoplanar imaging in GI clinical practice: assessment of gastric emptying and antral motility in four patients. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 12, 343–346.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcus, SE, Kaste, LM & Brown, LJ (1994) Prevalence and demographic correlates of tooth loss among the elderly in the United States. Special Care in Dentistry 14, 123–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathevon, E, Mioche, L, Brown, WE & Culioli, J (1995) Texture analysis of beef cooked at various temperatures by mechanical measurements, sensory assessments and electromyography. Journal of Texture Studies 26, 175–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathonière, C, Mioche, L, Dransfield, E & Culioli, J (2000) Meat texture characterization by mechanical measurements, sensory assessments and electromyography recordings. Journal of Texture Studies 31, 183–203.Google Scholar
Mercier, P & Poitras, P (1992) Gastrointestinal symptoms and masticatory dysfunction. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 7, 61–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mersel, A (1989) Oral health status and dental needs in a geriatric institutionalised population in Paris. Gerodontology 8, 47–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mioche, L, Bourdiol, P, Martin, J-F & Noël, Y (1999) Pattern of mastication related to food texture as studied by electromyography. Archives of Oral Biology 44, 1005–1012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mioche, L, Bourdiol, P & Monier, S (2003) Chewing behaviour and bolus formation during mastication of meat with different textures. Archives of Oral Biology 48, 193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mioche, L, Bourdiol, P & Monier, S (2002 a) Changes in chewing behavior induced by aging and consequences in texture perception during meat consumption. In Tenth Food Choice Conference [Graaf, De editor]. Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Mioche, L, Bourdiol, P, Monier, S & Culioli, J (2002 b) Meat changes during chewing in young and elderly subjects. In 48th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology, pp. 148–149. [Chizzolini, , editor]. Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
Mioche, L, Hiiemae, KM & Palmer, JB (2002 c) A postero-anterior videofluorographic study of the intraoral management of food in man. Archives of Oral Biology 47, 267–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mioche, L & Peyron, MA (1995) Bite force displayed during assessment of hardness in various texture contexts. Archives of Oral Biology 40, 415–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miura, H, Araki, Y & Umenai, T (1997) Chewing activity and activities of daily living in the elderly. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 24, 457–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, F, Link, I, Fuhr, K & Utz, KH (1995) Studies on adaptation to complete dentures. Part II: oral stereognosis and tactile sensibility. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 22, 759–767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagao, M (1992) The effects of aging on mastication. Nutrition Reviews 50, 434–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, T, Inoue, T, Ishigaki, S & Maruyama, T (1988) The effect of vertical dimension change on mandibular movements and muscle activity. International Journal of Prosthodontics 1, 297–301.Google ScholarPubMed
Newton, JP, Abel, RW, Robertson, EM & Yemm, R (1987) Changes in human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles with age: a study by computed tomography. Gerondontics 3, 151–154.Google ScholarPubMed
Newton, JP, Yemm, R, Abel, RW & Menhinick, S (1993) Changes in human jaw muscles with age and dental state. Gerodontology 10, 16–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
N′gom, PI & Woda, A (2002) Influence of impaired mastication on nutrition. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 87, 667–673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norris, MB, Noble, AC & Pangborn, RM (1984) Human saliva and taste responses to acids varying in anions, titratable acidity, and pH. Physiology and Behavior 32, 237–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orchardson, R & Cadden, SW (1998) Mastication. In The Scientific Basis of Eating, 76–121. [Linden, R editor]. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, JW (1985) The disc of the human temporomandibular joint: design, function and failure. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 12, 279–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osterberg, T, Birkhed, D, Johansson, C & Svanborg, A (1992) Longitudinal study of stimulated whole saliva in an elderly population. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 100, 340–345.Google Scholar
Osterberg, T, Carlsson, GE, Tsuga, K, Sundh, V & Steen, B (1996) Associations between self-assessed masticatory ability and some general health factors in a Swedish population. Gerodontology 13, 110–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osterberg, T & Steen, B (1982) Relationship between dental state and dietary intake in 70-year-old males and females in Goteborg, Sweden: a population study. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 9, 509–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osterberg, T, Tsuga, K, Rothenberg, E, Carlsson, GE & Steen, B (2002) Masticatory ability in 80-year-old subjects and its relation to intake of energy, nutrients and food items. Gerodontology 19, 95–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, JB & DuChane, AS (1994) Rehabilitation of swallowing disorders in the elderly. In Rehabilitation of the Aging and Older Patient, pp. 275–287. [Felsenthal, G, Garrison, SJ and Steinberg, FU editors]. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Pangborn, RM & Lundgren, B (1977) Salivary secretion in response to mastication of crisp bread. Journal of Texture Studies 8, 463–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, AM, Bardow, A, Jensen, SB & Nauntofte, B (2002) Saliva and gastrointestinal functions of taste, mastication, swallowing and digestion. Oral Diseases 8, 117–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pera, P, Bucca, C, Borro, R, Bernocco, C & De LA Carossa, S (2002) Influence of mastication on gastric emptying. Journal of Dental Research 81, 179–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peyron, A, Lassauzay, C & Woda, A (2002) Effects of increased hardness on jaw movement and muscle activity during chewing of visco-elastic model foods. Experimental Brain Research 142, 41–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Peyron, MA, Maskawi, K, Woda, A, Tanguay, R & Lund, JP (1997) Effects of food texture and sample thickness on mandibular movement and hardness assessment during biting in man. Journal of Dental Research 76, 789–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Planas, P (1994) Rehabilitación Neuro Occlusale, 2nd ed. Barcelona: Masson Salvat Odontología.Google Scholar
Pouderoux, P, Shi, G, Tatum, RP & Kahrilas, PJ (1999) Esophageal solid bolus transit: studies using concurrent videofluoroscopy and manometry. American Journal of Gastroenterology 94, 1457–1463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, PA & Darvell, BW (1981) Force and mobility in the ageing human tongue. Medical Journal of Australia 1, 75–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinz, JF & Lucas, PW (1995) Swallow thresholds in human mastication. Archives of Oral Biology 40, 401–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinz, JF & Lucas, PW (1997) An optimization model for mastication and swallowing in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society London 264, 1715–1721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robbins, J, Hamilton, JW, Lof, GL & Kempster, GB (1992) Oropharyngeal swallowing in normal adults of different ages. Gastroenterology 103, 823–839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roininen, K, Fillion, L, Kilcast, D & Lähteenmäki, L (2003) Perceived eating difficulties and preferences for various textures of raw and cooked carrots in young and elderly subjects. Journal of Sensory Studies 8, 437–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolls, BJ & McDermott, TM (1991) Effects of age on sensory-specific satiety. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 988–996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rybczynski, N & Reisz, RR (2001) Earliest evidence for efficient oral processing in a terrestrial herbivore. Nature 411, 684–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schenkels, LC, Veerman, EC & Nieuw Amerongen, AV (1995) Biochemical composition of human saliva in relation to other mucosal fluids. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 6, 161–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schieppati, M, Di Francesco, G & Nardone, A (1989) Patterns of activity of perioral facial muscles during mastication in man. Experimental Brain Research 77, 103–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, SS (1993) Perception of taste and smell in elderly persons. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 33, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, SS (1997) Taste and smell losses in normal aging and disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 278, 1357–1362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, BJJ, Bajaj, J & Linden, WA (1999) The contribution of mechanoreceptive neurones in the gingival tissues to the masticatory-parotid salivary reflex in man. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 26, 791–797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shama, F & Sherman, P (1973) Identification of stimuli controlling the sensory evaluation of viscosity. II – Oral methods. Journal of Texture Studies 4, 111–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheiham, A, Steele, JG, Marcenes, W, Lowe, C, Finch, S, Bates, CJ, Prentice, A & Walls, AW (2001) The relationship among dental status, nutrient intake, and nutritional status in older people. Journal of Dental Research 80, 408–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siebens, H, Trupe, E, Siebens, A, Cook, F, Anshen, S, Hanauer, R & Oster, G (1986) Correlates and consequences of eating dependency in institutionalized elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 34, 192–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slagter, AP, Bosman, F, van der Glas, HW & van der Bilt, A (1993) Human jaw-elevator muscle activity and food comminution in the dentate and edentulous state. Archives of Oral Biology 38, 195–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, BH (1984) Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 63, 39–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonies, BC (1992) Oropharyngeal dysphagia in the elderly. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 8, 569–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonies, BC, Baum, BJ & Shawker, TH (1984) Tongue motion in elderly adults: initial in situ observations. Gerontology 39, 279–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonies, BC, Ship, JA & Baum, BJ (1989) Relationship between saliva production and oropharyngeal swallow in healthy, different-aged adults. Dysphagia 4, 85–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielman, AI, D′Abundo, S, Field, RB & Schmale, H (1993) Protein analysis of human von Ebner saliva and a method for its collection from the foliate papillae. Journal of Dental Research 72, 1331–1335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sreebny, LM & Schwartz, SS (1986) A reference guide to drugs and dry mouth. Gerodontology 5, 75–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, JG, Ayatollahi, SM, Walls, AW & Murray, JJ (1997) Clinical factors related to reported satisfaction with oral function amongst dentate older adults in England. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 25, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, JC (1995) Dimensions of spatial acuity in the touch sense: changes over the life span. Journal of Somatosensory and Motor Research 12, 29–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szczesniak, AS (1963) Classification of textural characteristics. Journal of Food Science 28, 385–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thornbury, JM & Mistretta, CM (1981) Tactile sensitivity as a function of age. Gerontology 36, 34–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trulsson, M & Johansson, RS (1994) Encoding of amplitude and rate of forces applied to the teeth by human periodontal mechanoreceptive afferents. Journal of Neurophysiology 72, 1734–1744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Türker, KS, Brodin, P & Miles, TS (1994) Reflex responses of motor units in human masseter muscle to mechanical stimulation of a tooth. Experimental Brain Research 100, 307–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Der Bilt, A, Weijnen, FG, Ottenhoff, FAM, Van Der Glas, HW & Bosman, F (1995) The role of sensory information in the control of rhythmic open-close movements in humans. Journal of Dental Research 74, 1658–1664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vargas, C, Kramarow, EA & Yellowitz, JA (2001) The oral health of older Americans. Aging Trends 3, 1–8.Google Scholar
Veyrune, J-L & Mioche, L (2000) Complete denture wearers: electromyography of mastication and texture perception whilst eating meat. European Journal of Oral Sciences 108, 83–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wayler, AH, Kapur, KK, Feldman, RS & Chauncey, HH (1982) Effects of age and dentition status on measures of food acceptability. Gerontology 37, 294–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, AJ, Atkinson, JC, Fox, PC, Baum, BJ & Ship, JA (1993) Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of stimulated parotid salivary constituents in healthy, different-aged subjects. Gerontology 48, M219–M224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, CK, Johnson, DA & Dodds, MW (1998) Impact of aging on human salivary gland function: a community-based study. Aging 10, 421–428.Google ScholarPubMed
Yemm, R (1977) The representation of motor-unit action-potentials on skin-surface electromyograms of the masseter and temporal muscles in man. Archives of Oral Biology 22, 201–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yurkstas, AA (1949) Measurement of occlusal contact area effective in mastication. American Journal of Orthodontics 35, 185–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yurkstas, AA (1965) The masticatory act. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 15, 248–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed