Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T23:30:21.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Feto-Maternal Interaction of Antibody and Antigen Transfer, Immunity and Allergy Development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

Julie A. Lovegrove  and
Jane B. Morgan
Julie A. Lovegrove
Affiliation:
Nutritional Metabolism Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH
Jane B. Morgan
Affiliation:
Nutritional Metabolism Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , January 1994 , pp. 25 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1994

References

REFERENCES

Aas, K. (1989). Chemistry of food allergens. In Food Intolerance in Infancy (Carnation Nutrition Education Series 1), pp. 9–21 [Hamburger, R. N., editor]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Åberg, N., Engsträm, I. & Lindberg, U. (1989). Allergic diseases in Swedish school children. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 78, 246–252.Google Scholar
Ahlstedt, S., Carlsson, B., Hanson, L. Å. & Goldblum, R. M. (1975). Antibody production by human colostral cells. 1. Immunoglobulin class, specificity and quantity. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 4, 535–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
André, C., Heremans, J. F., Vaerman, J. P. & Cambiaso, C. L. (1975). A mechanism for the induction of immunological tolerance by antigen feeding: antigen-antibody complexes. Jouranl of Experimental Medicine 142, 1509–1519.Google Scholar
Arshad, S. H., Matthews, S., Gant, C. & Hide, D. W. (1992). Effect of allergen avoidance on development of allergic disorders in infancy. Lancet 339, 1493–1497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ascoli, A. (1902). [Do proteins pass the placental barrier?] Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie 36, 498.Google Scholar
Avery, V. M. & Gordon, D. L. (1991). Antibacterial properties of breast milk: requirements for surface phagocytosis and chemiluminescence. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 10, 1034–1039.Google Scholar
Axelsson, I., Jakobsson, I., Lindberg, T. & Benediktsson, B. (1986). Bovine β-lactoglobulin in the human milk: a longitudinal study during the whole lactation period. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75, 702–707.Google Scholar
Baker, C. J., Edwards, M. S. & Kasper, D. L. (1981). Role of antibody to native type III polysaccharide of group B streptococcus in infant infection. Pediatrics 68, 544–549.Google Scholar
Baker, C. J. & Kasper, D. L. (1976). Correlation between maternal antibody deficiency wiht susceptibility to neonatal group B streptococcal infection. New England Journal of medicine 294, 753–756.Google Scholar
Bleumink, E. (1983). Immunological aspects of food allergy. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 42, 219–231.Google Scholar
Brostoff, J. & Gamlin, L. (1990). Another man's poison. Food Allergy and Intolerance, pp. 1–21. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Businco, L., Bruno, G., Giampietro, P. G. & Cantani, A. (1992). Allergenicity and nutritional adequacy of soy protein formulas. Journal of Pediatrics 121 (5), S21–S28.Google Scholar
Cant, A. J., Bailes, J. A. & Marsden, R. A. (1985). Cow's milk, soy milk, and goat's milk in a mother's diet causing eczema and diarrhoea in her breast fed infant. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 74, 467–468.Google Scholar
Cant, A. J., Bailes, J. A., Marsden, R. A. & Hewitt, D. (1986). Effect of maternal dietary exclusion on breast fed infants with eczema: two controlled studies. British Medical Journal 293, 231–233.Google Scholar
Carlsson, B., Gothefors, L., Ahlstedt, S., Hanson, L. Å. & Winberg, J. (1976). Studies of Escherichia coli antigen specific antibodies in human milk, maternal serum and cord blood. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 65, 216–224.Google Scholar
Casimir, G., Gossart, B., Vis, H. L. & Duchateau, J. (1985). Antibody against betalactoglobulin (IgG) and cow's milk allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 75, 206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavagni, G., Paganelli, R., Caffarelli, C., D'Offizi, G. P., Bertolini, P., Aiuti, F. & Giovannelli, G. (1988). Passage of food antigens into circulation of breast-fed infants with atopic dermatitis. Annals of Allergy 61, 361–365.Google Scholar
Chandra, R. K. (1976). Levels of IgG subclasses, IgA, IgM, and tetanus antitoxin in paired maternal and fetal sera: Findings in healthy pregnancy and placental insufficiency. In Maternofoetal Transmission of Immunoglobulins, pp. 77–90 [Hemmings, W. A., editor]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chandra, R. K. & Prasad, C. (1991). Food allergy: diagnosis and strategies for prevention. Beiträge zur Infusionstherapie 27, 142–151.Google Scholar
Chandra, R. K., Puri, S. & Hamed, A. (1989). Influence of maternal diet during lactation and use of formula feeds on development of atopic eczema in high risk infants. British Medical Journal 299, 228–230.Google Scholar
Chandra, R. K., Puri, S., Suraiya, C. & Cheema, P. S. (1986). Influence of maternal food antigen avoidance during pregnancy and lactation on incidence of atopic eczema infants. Clinical Allergy 16, 563–569.Google Scholar
Cramer, D. V., Kunz, H. W. & Gill, T. J. (1974). Immunologic sensitization prior to birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 120, 431–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croner, S. (1992). Prediction and detection of allergy development: influence of genetic and environmental factors. Journal of Pediatrics 121(5), S58–S63.Google Scholar
Cruz, J. R. & Arévalo, C. (1985). Fluctuations of specific IgA antibodies in human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 74, 897–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawe, D. L., Myers, W. L. & Segre, D. (1971). Enhancement of the immune response in rabbits by administration of IgG. Immunology 18, 897–907.Google Scholar
Department of Health (1991). Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects no. 41. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Fälth-Magnusson, K. & Kjellman, N.-I. M. (1987). Development of atopic disease in babies whose mothers were receiving exclusion diet during pregnancy – a randomized study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 80, 868–875.Google Scholar
Fälth-Magnusson, K., Kjellman, N.-I. M. & Magnusson, K.-E. (1988). Antibodies IgG, IgA, and IgM to food antigens during the first 18 months of life in relation to feeding and development of atopic disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 81, 743–749.Google Scholar
Fälth-Magnusson, K., Öman, H. & Kjellman, N.-I.M. (1987). Maternal abstention from cow milk and egg in allergy risk pregnancies. Effect on antibody production in the mother and the newborn. Allergy 42, 64–73.Google Scholar
Ferguson, A. (1992). Definitions and diagnosis of food intolerance and food allergy: consensus and controversy. Journal of Pediatrics 121(5), S7–S11.Google Scholar
Ferguson, A. & Watret, K. C. (1988). Cows' milk intolerance. Nutrition Research Reviews 1, 1–23.Google Scholar
Firer, M. A., Hoskings, C. S. & Hill, D. J. (1987). Humoral immune response to cow's milk in children with cow's milk allergy. Relationship to the time of clinical response to cow's milk challenge. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 84, 173–177.Google Scholar
Gill, T. J. (1973). Maternal/fetal interactions and the immune response. Lancet 1, 133–135.Google Scholar
Gill, T. J., Repetti, C. F., Metlay, L. A., Rabin, B. S., Taylor, F. H., Thompson, D. S. & Cortese, A. L. (1983). Transplacental immunization of the human fetus to tetanus by immunization of the mother. Journal of Clinical Investigation 72, 987–996.Google Scholar
Gitlin, D., Kumate, J., Urrusti, J. & Morales, C. (1964). The selectivity of the human placenta in the transfer of plasma proteins from mother to fetus. Journal of Clinical Investigation 43, 1938–1951.Google Scholar
Grulee, C. G. & Sanford, H. N. (1936). The influence of breast and artificial feeding on infantile eczema. Journal of Pediatrics 9, 223–225.Google Scholar
Hahn-Zoric, M., Carlsson, B., Jeansson, S., Ekre, H. P., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Robertson, D. & Hanson, L.Å. (1993). Anti-idiotypic antibodies to poliovirus antibodies in commercial immunoglobulin preparations, human serum and milk. Pediatric Research 33, 475–480.Google Scholar
Hanson, L. Å., Ahlstedt, S., Carlsson, B. & Fällström, S. P. (1977). Secretory IgA antibodies against cow's milk proteins in human milk and their possible effect in mixed feeding. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 54, 457–462.Google Scholar
Hanson, L. Å., Carlsson, B., Ekre, H. P., Hahn-Zoric, M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E. & Robertson, D. (1989). Immunoregulation mother-fetus/newborn, a role for anti-idiotypic antibodies. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 351, 38–41.Google Scholar
Hanson, L. Å. & Winberg, J. (1972). Breast milk and defence against infection in the newborn. Archives of Disease in Childhood 47, 845–848.Google Scholar
Harlow, E. D. & Lane, D. (1988). Antibodies. In A Laboratory Manual, pp. 1–139 [Harlow, E. D. and Lane, D., editors]. Dorking, UK: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.Google Scholar
Harmatz, P. R., Hanson, D. G., Walsh, M. K., Kleinman, R. E., Bloch, K. J. & Walker, W. A. (1986). Transfer of protein antigens into milk after intravenous injection into lactating mice. American Journal of Physiology 251, E227–233.Google Scholar
Hashem, N. (1972). Is maternal lymphocyte sensitisation passed to the child? Lancet 1, 40–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hattevig, G., Kjellman, B., Sigurs, N., Bjorkstén, B. & Kjellman, N.-I.M. (1989). Effect of maternal avoidance of eggs, Cow's milk and fish during lactation upon allergic manifestations in infants. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 19, 27–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hattevig, G., Kjellman, B., Sigurs, N., Grodzinsky, E., Hed, J. & Bjorkstén, B. (1990). The effect of maternal avoidance of eggs, cow's milk, and fish during lactation on the development of IgE, IgG, and IgA antibodies in infants. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 85, 108–115.Google Scholar
Hennart, P. F., Brasseur, D. J., Delogne-Desnoeck, J. B., Dramaix, M. M. & Robyn, C. E. (1991). Lysozyme, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulin A content in breast milk: influence of duration of lactation, nutritional status, prolactin status, and parity of mother. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 32–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyman, M., Grasset, E., Ducroc, R. & Desjeux, J.-F. (1988). Antigen absorption by the jejunal epithelium of children with cow's milk allergy. Pediatric Research 24, 197–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobbs, J. R. & Davis, J. A. (1967). Serum γG-globulin levels and gestational age in premature babies. Lancet 1, 757–759.Google Scholar
Høst, A., Husby, S., Gjesing, B., Larsen, J. N. & Lowenstein, H. (1992). Prospective estimation of IgA, IgG subclasses and IgG antibodies to dietary proteins in infants with cow milk allergy. Levels of antibodies to whole milk protein, BLG and ovalbumin in relation to repeated milk challenge and clinical course of cow milk allergy. allergy 47, 218–229.Google Scholar
Høst, A., Husby, S. & Österballe, O. (1988). A prospective study of cow's milk allergy in exclusively breast-fed infants. Incidence, Pathogenetic role of early inadvertent exposure to cow's milk formula and characterization of bovine milk protein in human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 77, 663–670.Google Scholar
Hurley, L. S. (1980). The placental and placental transfer. Developmental Nutrition pp. 49–64. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.Google Scholar
Husby, S., Høst, A., Teisner, B. & Svehag, S.-E. (1990). Infants and children with cow milk allergy/intolerance. Investigation of the uptake of cow milk protein and activation of the complement system. Allergy 45, 547–551.Google Scholar
Husby, S., Jensenius, J. C. & Svehag, S.-E. (1986). Passage of undergraded dietary antigen into the blood of healthy adults. Further characterisation of the kinetics of uptake and the size distribution of the antigen. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 24, 447–455.Google Scholar
Iikura, Y., Akimoto, K., Odajima, Y., Akazawa, A. & Nagakura, T. (1989). How to prevent allergic disease. I. Study of specific IgE, IgG, and IgG4 antibodies in serum of pregnant mothers, cord blood, and infants. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 88, 250–252.Google Scholar
Jackson, P. G., Lessof, M. H., Baker, R. W. R., Ferrett, J. & MacDonald, D. M. (1981). Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. Lancet 1, 1285–1286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jakobsson, I. & Lindberg, T. (1978). Cow's milk as a cause of infantile colic in breast-fed infants. Lancet 2, 437–440.Google Scholar
Jakobsson, I., Lindberg, T., Benediktsson, B. & Hansson, B.-G. (1985). Dietary bovine β-lactoglobulin is transferred to human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 74, 342–345.Google Scholar
Jatsyk, G. V., Kuvaeva, I. B. & Gribakin, S. G. (1985). Immunological protection of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract: the importance of breast feeding. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 74, 246–249.Google Scholar
Kaufman, H. (1971). Allergy in the new-born: skin test reactions confirmed by the Prausnitz-Kustner test at birth. Clinical Allergy 1, 363–367.Google Scholar
Kilshaw, P. J. & Cant, A. J. (1984). The passage of maternal dietary proteins into human breast milk. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 75, 8–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohler, P. F. & Farr, R. S. (1966). Elevation of cord over maternal IgG immunoglobulin: evidence for an active placental IgG transport. Nature 210, 1070–1071.Google Scholar
Koutras, A. K. & Vigorita, V. J. (1989). Fecal secretory immunoglobulin A in breast milk versus formula feeding in early infancy. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 9, 58–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, M. S. (1988). Does breast feeding help protect against atopic disease? Biology, Methodology, and a golden jubilee of controversy. Journal of Pediatrics 112, 181–190.Google Scholar
Kuhns, W. J. (1965). Studies of immediate wheal reactions and of reaginic antibodies in pregnancy and in the newborn infant. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 118, 377–380.Google Scholar
Ladjeva, I., Peterman, J. H. & Mestecky, J. (1989). IgA subclasses of human colostral antibodies specific for microbial and food antigens. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 78, 85–90.Google Scholar
Leach, L., Eaton, B. M., Firth, J. A. & Contractor, S. F. (1990). Uptake and intracellular routing of peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulin-G by the perfused human placenta. Cell and Tissue Research 261, 383–388.Google Scholar
Leikin, S. & Oppenheim, J. J. (1971). Prenatal sensitisation. Lancet 2, 876–877.Google Scholar
Levi, M. I., Kravitzov, F. E., Levova, T. M. & Fomenko, G. A. (1969). The ability of maternal antibody to increase the immune response in infants. Immunology 16, 145–148.Google Scholar
Lifschitz, C. H., Hawkins, H. K., Guerra, C. & Byrd, N. (1988). Anaphylactic shock due to cow's milk protein hypersensitivity in a breast-fed infant. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 7, 141–144.Google Scholar
Lilja, G., Dannaeus, A., Fälth-Magnusson, K., Graff-Lonnevig, V., Johansson, S. G. O., Kjellman, N.-I. M. & Öman, H. (1988). Immune response of the atopic woman and foetus: effect of high- and low-dose food allergen intake during late pregnancy. Clinical Allergy 18, 131–142.Google Scholar
Lilja, G., Dannaeus, A., Foucard, T., Graff-Lonnevig, V., Johansson, S. G. O. & Öman, H. (1989). Effects of maternal diet during late pregnancy and lactation on the development of atopic diseases in infants up to 18 months of age – in vivo results. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 19, 473–479.Google Scholar
Lilja, G., Dannaeus, A., Foucard, T., Graff-Lonnevig, V., Johansson, S. G. O. & Öman, H. (1991). Effects of maternal diet during late pregnancy and lactation on the development of IgE and egg-and milk-specific IgE and IgE antibodies in infants. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 21, 195–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovegrove, J. A., (1991). Studies of Milk Antibodies and Antigens in Human Adults and Infants. PhD thesis, University of Surrey.Google Scholar
Lovegrove, J. A., Hampton, S. M. & Morgan, J. B. (1993 b). Does a maternal Milk-free diet prevent allergy in the ‘at risk’ infant? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 52, 217A.Google Scholar
Lovegrove, J. A., Hampton, S. M. & Morgan, J. B. (1994). The Immunological and long term atopic outcome of infants born to women following a milk-free diet during pregnancy and lactation: a pilot study. British Journal of Nutrition 72, 223–238.Google Scholar
Lovegrove, J. A., Hampton, S. M., Morgan, J. B. & Marks, V. (1991). Effect of a milk-free diet on fetal cord blood milk antibody levels. A study of normal and atopic mothers. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 50, 9A.Google Scholar
Lovegrove, J. A., Osman, D. L., Morgan, J. B. & Hampton, S. M. (1993 a). Transfer of cows' milk β-lactoglobulin to human serum after a milk load: a pilot study. Gut 34, 203–207.Google Scholar
Machtinger, S. & Moss, R. (1986). Cow's milk allergy in breast-fed infants: the role of allergen and maternal secretory IgA antibody. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 77, 341–347.Google Scholar
Mehrishi, J. N. (1976). Cell surface membrane interactions in reproductive physiology. In Maternofoetal Transmission of Immunoglobulins, pp. 25–35 [Hemmings, W. A., editor]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, D. L., Hirvonen, T. & Gitlin, D. (1973). Synthesis of IgE by the human conceptus. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 52, 182–187.Google Scholar
Mohr, J. A. (1972). Lymphocyte sensitisation passed to the child from the mother. Lancet 1, 688.Google Scholar
Morris, E. R. (1991). A Study of Food Antibodies in Infants and Adults. PhD Thesis, University of Surrey.Google Scholar
Ngan, J. & Kind, L. S. (1978). Suppressor T Cells for IgE and IgG in Peyer's patches of mice made tolerant by the oral administration of ovalbumin. Journal of Immunology 120, 861–865.Google Scholar
Ogra, S. S. & Ogra, P. L. (1978). Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk. II Charateristics of lymphocyte reactivity and distribution of E-rosette forming cells at different times after the onset of lactation. Journal of Pediatrics 92, 550–555.Google Scholar
Oxelius, V.-A., Lindén, V., Christensen, K. K. & Christensen, P. (1983). Deficiency of IgG subclasses in mothers of infants with group B streptococcal septicemia. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 72, 249–252.Google Scholar
Padeh, S., Jaffe, C. L. & Passwell, J. H. (1991). Activation of human monocytes via their sIgA receptors. Immunology 72, 188–193.Google Scholar
Paganelli, R. & Levinsky, R. J. (1980). Solid phase radioimmunoassay for detection of circulating food protein antigens in human serum. Journal of Immunological Methods 37, 333–341.Google Scholar
Papadatos, C., Papaevangelou, G. J., Alexiou, D. & Mendris, J. (1970). Serum immunoglobulin G levels in small-for-dates new-born babies. Archives of Disease in Childhood 45, 570–572.Google Scholar
Pathirana, C., Goulding, N. J., Gibney, M. J., Pitts, J. M., Gallagher, P. J. & Taylor, T. G. (1981). Immune tolerance produced by pre- and postnatal exposure to dietary antigens. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 66, 114–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pöysä, L., Korppi, M., Remes, K. & Juntunen-Backman, K. (1991). A nine-year follow-up study. I. Clinical manifestations. Allergy Procedings 12, 107–111.Google Scholar
Pöysä, L., Remes, K., Korppi, M. & Juntunen-Backman, K. (1989). Atopy in children with and without a family history of atopy. I. Clinical manifestations, with special reference to diet in infancy. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 78, 896–901.Google Scholar
Ratner, B. (1922). Certain aspects of eczema and asthma in infancy and childhood from the standpoint of allergy. Medical Clinics of North America 6, 815–830.Google Scholar
Renz, H., Vestner, R., Petzoldt, S., Brehler, C., Prinz, H. & Rieger, C. H. L. (1990). Elevated concentrations of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A anti-cow's milk protein in newborns at risk of allergy. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 92, 247–253.Google Scholar
Rothberg, R. M. & Farr, R. S. (1965). Anti-bovine serum albumin and anti-alpha lactalbumin in the serum of children and adults. Pediatrics 35, 571–588.Google Scholar
Savin, J. A. (1993). Atopy and its inheritance. British Medical Journal 307, 1019–1020.Google Scholar
Schrander, J. J. P., Unsalan-Hooyen, R. W. M., Forget, P. P. & Jansen, J. (1990). [51Cr]EDTA intestinal permeability in children with cow's milk intolerance. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 10, 189–192.Google Scholar
Slade, H. B. & Schwartz, S. A. (1987). Mucosal immunity: the immunology of breast milk. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 80, 348–358.Google Scholar
Sporik, R., Holgate, S. T., Platts-Mills, T. A. E. & Cogswell, J. J. (1990). Exposure to house dust mite allergen (Der p 1) and the development of asthma in childhood: a prospective study. New England Journal of Medicine 323, 502–507.Google Scholar
Strobel, S. (1988). Developmental aspects of food allergy. In Food Allergy (Nestlé Nutrition Workshop series 17), pp. 99–117 [Reinhardt, D. and Schmidt, E., editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Strobel, S. (1992). Dietary manipulation and induction of tolerance. Journal of Pediatrics 121 (5), S74–S79.Google Scholar
Talbot, F. B. (1918). Eczema in childhood. Medical Clinics of North America 1, 985–996.Google Scholar
Telemo, E., Weström, B., Dahl, G. & Karlsson, B. (1986). Transfer of orally or intravenously administered proteins to the milk of the lactating rat. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 5, 305–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, H. C., Ryan, C. J., Benjamin, I. S., Blumgart, L. H. & MacSween, R. N. M. (1976). The immune response in cirrhotic rats. The induction of tolerance to orally administered protein antigens. Gastroenterology 71, 114–117.Google Scholar
Troncone, R., Scarcells, A., Dontiello, A., Cannataro, P., Tarabuso, A. & Auricchio, S. (1987). Passage of gliadin into human breast milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 76, 453–456.Google Scholar
van Asperen, P. P., Kemp, A. S. & Mellis, C. M. (1983). Immediate food hypersensitivity reactions on the first known exposure to food. Archives of Disease in Childhood 58, 253–256.Google Scholar
Walker-Smith, J. A. (1992). Cow milk sensitive enteropathy: predisposing factors and treatment. Journal of Pediatrics 121 (5), S111–S115.Google Scholar
Wood, C. B. S. (1986). How common is food allergy? Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 323, 76–83.Google Scholar
Zeiger, R. S. (1987). Challenges in the prevention of allergic disease in infancy. Clinical Reviews in Allergy 5, 349–373.Google Scholar
Zeiger, R. S., Heller, S., Mellon, M. H., Forsythe, A. B., O'Connor, R. D., Hamburger, R. N. & Schatz, M. (1989). Effect of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance on development of atopy in early infancy: a randomized study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 84, 72–89.Google Scholar