Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T07:11:01.353Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Effects of Diet and Physical Activity on Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution: Implications for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

Jean-Pierre Després*
Affiliation:
Lipid Research Center, Laval University Medical Research Center, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada
Benoît Lamarche
Affiliation:
Lipid Research Center, Laval University Medical Research Center, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada
*
Address correspondence to: Jean-Pierre Després, Ph.D., Professor and Associate Director, Lipid Research Center, Laval University Medical Research Center, CHUL, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Ste-Foy, Quebec, CanadaG1V 4G2.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1993

References

REFERENCES

AHA Nutrition Committee (1982). Rationale of the diet-heart statement of the American Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis 2, 177191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altekruse, E. G. & Wilmore, J. H. (1973). Changes in blood chemistries following a controlled exercise program. Journal of Occupational Medicine 15, 110113.Google ScholarPubMed
American College of Sports Medicine (1990). Position stand: The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cariorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22, 265274.Google Scholar
Anderson, A. J., Sobocinski, K. A., Freedman, D. S., Barboriak, J. J., Rimm, A. A. & Gruchow, H. W. (1988). Body fat distribution, plasma lipids, and lipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis 8, 8894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, M. A., Breslow, J. L., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., Willett, W. C. & Krauss, R. M. (1988). Low density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. Journal of the American Medical Association 260, 19171921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, M. A., King, M.-C., Vranizan, K. M. & Krauss, R. M. (1990). Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk. Circulation 82, 495506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett-Connor, E. L. (1985). Obesity, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 103, 10101019.Google ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, M. J. (1985). Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 253, 20802086.Google Scholar
Björntorp, P. (1981). Effects of exercise on plasma insulin. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2, 125129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Björntorp, P. (1984). Hazards in subgroups of human obesity (editorial). European Journal of Clinical Investigation 14, 239241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Björntorp, P. (1988). Abdominal obesity and the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 4, 615622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Björntorp, P. (1991 a). Visceral fat accumulation: the missing link between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease? Journal of Internal Medicine 230, 195201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Björntorp, P. (1991 b). Metabolic implications of body fat distribution. Diabetes Care 14, 11321143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Björntorp, P., De Jounge, K., Sjöström, L. & Sullivan, L. (1970). The effect of physical training on insulin production in obesity. Metabolism 19, 631638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackburn, G. L. & Kanders, B. S. (1987). Medical evaluation and treatment of the obese patient with cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Cardiology 60 (12), 55G58G.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, D., Habicht, J. P., Sims, E. A. H., Sylwester, D. & Abraham, S. (1984). Evidence for an increased risk for hypertension with centrally located body fat and the effect of race and sex on this risk. American Journal of Epidemiology 119, 526540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolinder, J., Kager, L., Östman, J. & Arner, P. (1983). Differences at the receptor and postreceptor levels between human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the action of insulin on lipolysis. Diabetes 32, 117123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borkan, G. A., Gerzof, S. G., Robbins, A. H., Hults, D. E., Silbert, C. K. & Silbert, J. E. (1982). Assessment of abdominal fat content by computed tomography. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 172177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouchard, C. & Després, J. P. (1989). Variation in fat distribution with age and health implications. In Physical Activity and Aging, pp. 78106 [Eckert, H. M. and Spirduso, W., editors]. American Academy of Physical Education.Google Scholar
Bouchard, C., Després, J. P. & Tremblay, A. (1993)Exercise and obesity. Obesity Research 1, 4054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Després, J.-P., Nadeau, A., Lupien, P. J., Thériault, G., Dussault, J., Moorjani, S., Pineault, S. & Fournier, G. (1990 a). The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. New England Journal of Medicine 322, 14771482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A., Dussault, J., Després, J.-P., Thériault, G., Lupien, P. J., Serresse, O., Boulay, M. R. & Fournier, G. (1990 b). Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 1. Effect on body composition and selected metabolic variables. International Journal of Obesity 14, 5773.Google ScholarPubMed
Bray, G. A. (1985). Complications of obesity. Annals of Internal Medicine 103, 10521062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bray, G. A. (1988). Exercise and obesity. In Exercise, Fitness and Health: a consensus of current knowledge, pp. 497510 [Bouchard, C., Shephard, R. J., Stephens, T., Sutton, J. R. and McPherson, B. D., editors]. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.Google Scholar
Bray, G. A. & Gray, D. S. (1988). Treatment of obesity: an overview. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 4, 653679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brindley, D. N. & Rolland, Y. (1989). Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis. Clinical Science 77, 453461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownell, K. D. & Kramer, F. M. (1989). Behavioural management of obesity. Medical Clinics of North America 73, 185201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownell, K. D. & Wadden, T. A. (1992). Etiology and treatment of obesity. Understanding a serious, prevalent and refractory disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60, 505517.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canada Fitness Survey (1982). Canada's Fitness: preliminary findings of the 1981 survey.Google Scholar
Canadian Consensus Conference on Cholesterol (1988). Final report. Canadian Medical Association Journal 139 (11, suppl.), 18.Google Scholar
Carpenter, M. A. & Bodansky, H. J. (1990). Drug treatment of obesity in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine 7, 99104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danforth, E. (1985). Diet and obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 11321145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeFronzo, R. A. & Ferrannini, E. (1991). Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM. obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14, 173194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Després, J.-P. (1991 a). Obesity and lipid metabolism: relevance of body fat distribution. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2, 515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Després, J.-P. (1991 b). Obesity, regional adipose tissue distribution and metabolism: effect of exercise. In Obesity: dietary factors and control, pp. 251259 [Romsos, D. R., Himms-Hagen, J. and Suzuki, M., editors]. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.Google Scholar
Després, J.-P. (1992). Clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in abdominal obesity. Canadian Lipidology Review 2, 1523.Google Scholar
Després, J.-P. (1993). Physical activity and adipose tissue. In Physical Activity, Fitness & Health [Bouchard, C., Shephard, R. J. and Stephens, T., editors]. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers. (In the Press).Google Scholar
Després, J.-P., Allard, C., Tremblay, A., Talbot, J. & Bouchard, C. (1985). Evidence for a regional component of body fatness in the association with serum lipids in men and women. Metabolism 34, 967973.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Després, J.-P., Ferland, M., Moorjani, S., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P. J., Thériault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1989 a). Role of hepatic-triglyceride lipase activity in the association between intra-abdominal fat and plasma HDL cholesterol in obese women. Arteriosclerosis 9, 485492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Després, J.-P., Moorjani, S., Ferland, M., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P. J., Nadeau, A., Pinault, S., Thériault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1989 b). Adipose tissue distribution and plasma lipoprotein levels in obese women: importance of intra-abdominal fat. Arteriosclerosis 9, 203210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Després, J.-P., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A. & Bouchard, C. (1990 a). Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 10, 497511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Després, J.-P., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A., Ferland, M. & Lupien, P. J. (1989 c). Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women. Diabetes 38, 304309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Després, J.-P., Pouliot, M.-C., Moorjani, S., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P. J., Thériault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1991 a). Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women. American Journal of Physiology 261, E159E167.Google ScholarPubMed
Després, J.-P., Pouliot, M. C., Prud'homme, D., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A. & Bouchard, C. (1991 b). Abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinaemia and related hypertriglyceridaemia are important correlates of LDL composition in men. International Journal of Obesity 15 (suppl. 1), Abstract 037.Google Scholar
Després, J.-P., Prud'homme, D., Pouliot, M.-C., Tremblay, A. & Bouchard, C. (1991 c). Estimation of deep abdominal adipose-tissue accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 471477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Després, J.-P., Tremblay, A., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Thériault, G., Nadeau, A. & Bouchard, C. (1990 b). Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 3. Effects on plasma lipoprotein levels. International Journal of Obesity 14, 8594.Google ScholarPubMed
Després, J.-P., Tremblay, A., Thériault, G., Pérusse, L., Leblanc, C. & Bouchard, C. (1988). Relationships between body fatness, adipose tissue distribution and blood pressure in men and women. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 41, 889897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donahue, R. P., Abbott, R. D., Bloom, E., Reed, D. M. & Yano, K. (1987). Central obesity and coronary heart disease in men. Lancet i, 821824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ducimetière, P., Richard, J. & Cambien, F. (1986). The pattern of subcutaneous fat distribution in middle-aged men and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Paris prospective study. International Journal of Obesity 10, 299–240.Google ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, S. (1983). Lipoproteins and lipoprotein metabolism. A dynamic evaluation of the plasma fat transport system. Klinische Wochenschrift 61, 119132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, S. (1984). High density lipoprotein metabolism. Journal of Lipid Research 25, 10171058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enzi, G., Gasparo, M., Biondetti, P. R., Fiore, D., Semisa, M. & Zurlo, F. (1986). Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 739746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, L. H. & Wing, R. R. (1980). Aerobic exercise and weight. Additive Behaviors 5, 371388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ernsberger, P. & Askew, P. (1987). Health implications of obesity: an alternative view. Journal of Obesity and Weight Regulation 6, 58137.Google Scholar
Evans, D. J., Hoffmann, R. G., Kalkhoff, R. K. & Kissebah, A. H. (1983). Relationship of androgenic activity to body fat topography, fat cell morphology, and metabolic aberrations in premenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 57, 304310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, D. J., Hoffmann, R. G., Kalkhoff, R. K. & Kissebah, A. H. (1984). Relationship of body fat topography to insulin sensitivity and metabolic profiles in premenopausal women. Metabolism 33, 6875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrell, P. A. & Barboriak, J. (1980). The time course of alternations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations during eight weeks of endurance training. Atherosclerosis 37, 231238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felber, J. P. (1992). From obesity to diabetes. Pathophysiological considerations. International Journal of Obesity 16, 937952.Google ScholarPubMed
Ferland, M., Després, J.-P., Tremblay, A., Pinault, S., Nadeau, A., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Thériault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1989). Assessment of adipose tissue distribution by computed axial tomography in obese women: association with body density and anthropometric measurements. British Journal of Nutrition 61, 139148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrannini, E., Buzzigoli, G., Bonadonna, R., Giorico, M. A., Oleggini, M., Graziadei, L., Pedrinelli, R., Brandi, L. & Bevilacqua, S. (1987). Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 317, 350357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flatt, J. P. (1987 a). The difference in the storage capacities for carbohydrate and for fat, and its implications in the regulation of body weight. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 499, 104123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flatt, J. P. (1987 b). Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance: effects of exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 296306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flatt, J. P. (1988). Importance of nutrient balance in body weight regulation. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 4, 571581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flatt, J. P., Ravussin, E., Acheson, K. J. & Jéquier, E. (1985). Effects of dietary fat on postprandial substrate oxidation and on carbohydrate and fat balances. Journal of Clinical Investigation 76, 10191024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, C. J., Weinsier, R. L., Birch, R., Norris, D. J., Bernstein, R. S., Wang, J., Pierson, R. N. & Van Itallie, T. B. (1987). Obesity and serum lipids: an evaluation of the relative contribution of body fat and fat distribution to lipid levels. International Journal of Obesity 11, 151161.Google ScholarPubMed
Fujioka, S., Matsuzawa, Y., Tokunaga, K., Kano, Y., Kobatake, T. & Tarui, S. (1991). Treatment of visceral fat obesity. International Journal of Obesity 15 (suppl. 2), 5965.Google ScholarPubMed
Fujioka, S., Matsuzawa, Y., Tokunaga, K. & Tarui, S. (1987). Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism 36, 5459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, V., Tremblay, A., Després, J.-P., Leblanc, C. & Bouchard, C. (1990). Effect of dietary fat content on total and regional adiposity in men and women. International Journal of Obesity 14, 10851094.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, D. J. (1992). Beneficial health effects of modest weight loss. International Journal of Obesity 16, 397415.Google ScholarPubMed
Haffner, S. M., Stern, M. P., Hazuda, H. P., Pugh, J. & Patterson, J. K. (1987). Do upper-body and centralized adiposity measure different aspects of regional body-fat distribution? Relationship to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, lipids, and lipoproteins. Diabetes 36, 4351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, G. G. (1985). Height-weight tables. Annals of Internal Medicine 103, 989994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartz, A. H., Rupley, D. C., Kalkhoff, R. D. & Rimm, A. A. (1983). Relationship of obesity to diabetes: influence of obesity and body fat distribution. Preventive Medicine 12, 351357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haskell, W. L. (1986). The influence of exercise training on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in health and disease. Acta Medica Scandinavica Suppl. 711, 2537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennes, M. M. I., Shrago, E. & Kissebah, A. H. (1990). Receptor and postreceptor effects of free fatty acids (FFA) on hepatocyte insulin dynamics. International Journal of Obesity 14, 831841.Google ScholarPubMed
Hill, J. O., Lin, D., Yakubu, F. & Peters, J. C. (1992). Development of dietary obesity in rats: influence of amount and composition of dietary fat. International Journal of Obesity 16, 321333.Google ScholarPubMed
Hubert, H. B., Feinleib, M., McNamara, P. M. & Castelli, W. P. (1983). Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease—a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham heart study. Circulation 67, 968977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, M. D., Haymond, M. W., Rizza, R. A., Cryer, P. E. & Miles, J. M. (1989). Influence of body fat distribution on free fatty acid metabolism in obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation 83, 11681173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalkhoff, R. K., Hartz, A. H., Rupley, D., Kissebah, A. H. & Kelber, S. (1983). Relationship of body fat distribution to blood pressure, carbohydrate tolerance, and plasma lipids in healthy obese women. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 102, 621627.Google ScholarPubMed
Kekki, M. (1980). Lipoprotein-lipase action determining plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in adult normolipaemics. Atherosclerosis 37, 143150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keys, A. (1970). Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 41 (Suppl. 1), 11–1211.Google Scholar
Kissebah, A. H., Evans, D. J., Peiris, A. & Wilson, C. R. (1985). Endocrine characteristics in regional obesities: role of sex steroids. In Metabolic Complications of Human Obesities, pp. 115130 [Vague, J., Björntorp, P., Guy-Grand, B., Rebuffé-Scrive, M. and Vague, P., editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Kissebah, A. H., Freedman, D. S. & Peiris, A. N. (1989). Health risks of obesity. Medical Clinics of North America 73, 111138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kissebah, A. H. & Peiris, A. N. (1989). Biology of regional body fat distribution: relationship to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 5, 83109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kissebah, A. H., Vydelingum, N., Murray, R., Evans, D. J., Hartz, A. J., Kalkoff, R. K. & Adams, P. W. (1982). Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 54, 254260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koivisto, V. A., Yki-Järvinen, H. & DeFronzo, R. A. (1986). Physical training and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 1, 445481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krauss, R. M. & Burke, D. J. (1982). Identification of multiple subclasses of plasma low density lipoproteins in normal humans. Journal of Lipid Research 23, 97104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krotkiewski, M. & Björntorp, P. (1986). Muscle tissue in obesity with different distribution of adipose tissue: effects of physical training. International Journal of Obesity 10, 331341.Google ScholarPubMed
Krotkiewski, M., Björntorp, P., Sjöström, L. & Smith, U. (1983). Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. Journal of Clinical Investigation 72, 11501162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krotkiewski, M., Mandroukas, K., Sjöström, L., Sullivan, L., Wetterqvist, H. & Björntorp, P. (1979). Effects of long-term physical training on body fat, metabolism, and blood pressure in obesity. Metabolism 28, 650658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuczmarski, R. J. (1992). Prevalence of overweight and weight gain in the United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 495S502S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamarche, B., Després, J.-P., Pouliot, M.-C., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Thériault, G., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A. & Bouchard, C. (1992). Is body fat loss a determinant factor in the improvement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following aerobic exercise training in obese women? Metabolism 41, 12491256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lampman, R. M., Santinga, J. T., Savage, P. J., Bassett, D. R., Hydrick, C. R., Flora, J. D. & Block, W. D. (1985). Effect of exercise training on glucose tolerance, in vivo insulin sensitivity, lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in middle-aged men with mild hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 34, 205211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lands, W. E. M., Hamazaki, T., Yamazaki, K., Okuyama, H., Sakai, K., Goto, Y. & Hubbard, V. S. (1990). Changing dietary patterns. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 991993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapidus, L., Bengtsson, C., Larsson, B., Pennert, K., Rybo, E. & Sjöström, L. (1984). Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12 year follow up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. British Medical Journal 289, 12571261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, B., Björntorp, P. & Tibblin, G. (1981). The health consequences of moderate obesity. International Journal of Obesity 5, 97116.Google ScholarPubMed
Larsson, B., Svärdsudd, K., Welin, L., Wilhemsen, L., Björntorp, P. & Tibblin, G. (1984). Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. British Medical Journal 288, 14011404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leenen, R., Van der Kooy, K., Deurenberg, P., Seidell, J. C., Weststrate, J. A., Schouten, F. J. M. & Hautvast, J. G. A. J. (1992). Visceral fat accumulation in obese subjects: relation to energy expenditure and response to weight loss. American Journal of Physiology 263, E913E919.Google ScholarPubMed
Leon, A. S., Conrad, J., Hunninghake, D. B. & Serfass, R. (1979). Effects of a vigorous walking program on body composition, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of obese young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32, 17761787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindgren, F. T., Jensen, L. C., Wills, R. D. & Freeman, N. K. (1969). Flotation rates, molecular weights and hydrated densities of the low-density lipoproteins. Lipids 4, 337344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-S., A., Vial, R., Balart, L. & Arroyave, G. (1974). Effect of exercise and physical fitness on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 20, 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on the Health Implications of Obesity (1985). Health implications of obesity. National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement. Annals of Internal Medicine 103, 10731077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikkilä, E. A., Taskinen, M.-R. & Sane, T. (1987). Plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration and subfraction distribution in relation to triglyceride metabolism. American Heart Journal 113, 543548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nye, E. R., Carlson, K., Kirstein, P. & Rössner, S. (1981). Changes in high density lipoprotein subfractions and other lipoproteins induced by exercise. Clinica Chimica Acta 113, 5157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohlson, L. O., Larsson, B., Svärdsudd, K., Welin, L., Eriksson, H., Wilhelmsen, L., Björntorp, P. & Tibblin, G. (1985). The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus: 13·5 years of follow-up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913. Diabetes 34, 10551058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oshida, Y., Yamanouchi, K., Hayamizu, S. & Sato, Y. (1989). Long-term mild jogging increases insulin action despite no influence on body mass index or V o2.max. Journal of Applied Physiology 66, 22062210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Östman, J., Arner, P., Engfeldt, P. & Kager, L. (1979). Regional differences in the control of lipolysis in human adipose tissue. Metabolism 28, 11981205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peiris, A. N., Mueller, R. A., Smith, G. A., Struve, M. F. & Kissebah, A. H. (1986). Splanchnic insulin metabolism in obesity: Influence of body fat distribution. Journal of Clinical Investigation 78, 16481657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peiris, A. N., Mueller, R. A., Struve, M. F., Smith, G. A. & Kissebah, A. H. (1987 a). Relationship of androgenic activity to splanchnic insulin metabolism and peripheral glucose utilization in premenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 64, 162169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peiris, A. N., Struve, M. F. & Kissebah, A. H. (1987 b). Relationship of body fat distribution to the metabolic clearance of insulin in premenopausal women. International Journal of Obesity 11, 581589.Google Scholar
Peltonen, P., Marniemi, J., Hietanen, E., Vuori, I. & Ehnholm, C. (1981). Changes in serum lipids, lipoproteins, and heparin releasable lipolytic enzymes during moderate physical training in man: a longitudinal study. Metabolism 30, 518526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poehlman, E. T. & Horton, E. S. (1990). Regulation of energy expenditure in aging humans. Annual Review of Nutrition 10, 255275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollare, T., Lithell, H. & Berne, C. (1990). Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of primary hypertension independent of obesity. Metabolism 39, 167174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pouliot, M.-C., Després, J.-P., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A. & Bouchard, C. (1991). Regional variation in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity: association with plasma high density lipoprotein levels. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 21, 398405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pouliot, M.-C., Després, J.-P., Nadeau, A., Moorjani, S., Prud'homme, D., Lupien, P. J., Tremblay, A. & Bouchard, C. (1992). Visceral obesity in men. Associations with glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and lipoprotein levels. Diabetes 41, 826834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabkin, S. W., Mathewson, F. A. L. & Hsu, P.-H. (1977). Relation of body weight to development of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of young North American men after a 26-year observation period: the Manitoba study. American Journal of Cardiology 39, 452458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randle, P. J., Garland, P. B., Hales, C. N. & Newsholme, E. A. (1963). The glucose fatty acid cycle: its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet i, 785789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raz, I., Israeli, A., Rosenblit, H. & Bar-On, H. (1988 a). Influence of moderate exercise on glucose homeostasis and serum testosterone in young men with low HDL-cholesterol level. Diabetes Research 9, 3135.Google ScholarPubMed
Raz, I., Rosenblit, H. & Kark, J. P. (1988 b). Effect of moderate exercise on serum lipids in young men with low high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Arteriosclerosis 8, 245251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reaven, G. M. (1988). Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37, 15951607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebuffé-Scrive, M., Andersson, B., Olbe, L. & Björntorp, P. (1989). Metabolism of adipose tissue in intraabdominal depots in nonobese men and women. Metabolism 38, 453458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebuffé-Scrive, M., Andersson, B., Olbe, L. & Björntorp, P. (1990). Metabolism of adipose tissue in intraabdominal depots in severely obese men and women. Metabolism 39, 10211025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebuffé-Scriv, M., Lundholm, K. & Björntorp, P. (1985). Glucocorticoid binding to human adipose tissue. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 15, 267271.Google Scholar
Reeder, B. A., Angel, A., Ledoux, M., Rabkin, S. W., Young, T. K. & Sweet, L. E. (1992). Obesity and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in Canadian adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal Special suppl., 3747.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogers, M. A., Yamamoto, C., Hagberg, J. M., Holloszy, J. O. & Ehsani, A. A. (1987). The effect of 7 years of intense exercise training on patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology 10, 321326.Google ScholarPubMed
Schutz, Y., Tremblay, A., Weinsier, R. L. & Nelson, K. M. (1992). Role of fat oxidation in the long-term stabilization of body weight in obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 670674.Google ScholarPubMed
Seals, D. R. & Hagberg, J. M. (1984). The effect of exercise training on human hypertension: a review. Medical Science in Sports and Exercise 16, 207215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidell, J. C., Björntorp, P., Sjöström, L., Kvist, H. & Sannerstedt, R. (1990). Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels. Metabolism 39, 897901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidell, J. C., Oosterlee, A., Thijssen, M. A. O., Burema, J., Deurenberg, P., Hautvast, J. G. A. J. & Ruijs, J. H. J. (1987). Assessment of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat: relation between anthropometry and computed tomography. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shen, D. C., Shieh, S. M., Fuh, M. M. T., Wu, D. A., Chen, Y. D. I. & Reaven, G. M. (1988). Resistance to insulin-stimulated-glucose uptake in patients with hypertension. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 66, 580583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sniderman, A., Shapiro, S., Marpole, D., Skinner, B., Teng, B. & Kwiterovich, P. O. (1980). Association of coronary atherosclerosis with hyperapobetalipoproteinemia [increased protein but normal cholesterol levels in human plasma low density (β) lipoproteins]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 77, 604608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sparrow, D., Borkan, G. A., Gerzof, S. G., Wisniewski, C. & Silbert, C. K. (1986). Relationship of body fat distribution to glucose tolerance. Results of computed tomography in male participants of the normative aging study. Diabetes 35, 411415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stokes, J., Garrison, R. J. & Kannel, W. B. (1985). The independent contributions of various indices of obesity to the 22-year incidence of coronary heart disease: the Framingham heart study. In Metabolic Complications of Human Obesities, pp. 4957 [Vague, J., Björntorp, P., Guy-Grand, B.Rebuffé-Scrive, M. and Vague, P., editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Storlien, L. H., Jenkins, A. B., Chisholm, D. J., Pascoe, W. S., Khouri, S. & Kraegen, E. W. (1991). Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Relationship to muscle trigylceride and ω-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipids. Diabetes 40, 280289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svedberg, J., Björntorp, P., Smith, U. & Lönnroth, P. (1990). Free-fatty acid inhibition of insulin binding, degradation, and action in isolated rat hepatocytes. Diabetes 39, 570574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swislocki, A. L. M., Hoffman, B. B. & Reaven, G. M. (1989). Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in patients with hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 2, 419423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terry, R. B., Page, W. F. & Haskell, W. L. (1992). Waist/hip ratio, body mass index and premature cardiovascular disease mortality in US army veterans during a twenty-three year follow-up study. International Journal of Obesity 16, 417423.Google ScholarPubMed
Thiébaud, D., DeFronzo, R. A., Jacot, E., Golay, A., Acheson, K., Maeder, E., Jéquier, E. & Felber, J.-P. (1982). Effect of long-chain triglyceride infusion on glucose metabolism in man. Metabolism 31, 11281136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, C. D., Peters, J. C., Reed, G. W., Abumrad, N. N., Sun, M. & Hill, J. O. (1992). Nutrient balance and energy expenditure during ad libitum feeding of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 934942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tikkanen, M. J. & Nikkilä, E. A. (1987). Regulation of hepatic lipase and serum lipoproteins by sex steroids. American Heart Journal 113, 562567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tremblay, A. (1992). Human obesity: a defect in lipid oxidation or in thermogenesis? International Journal of Obesity 16, 953957.Google ScholarPubMed
Tremblay, A., Després, J.-P., Maheux, J., Pouliot, M.-C., Nadeau, A., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J. & Bouchard, C. (1991 a). Normalization of the metabolic profile in obese women by exercise and a low fat diet. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 13261331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tremblay, A., Lavallée, N., Alméras, N., Allard, L., Després, J.-P. & Bouchard, C. (1991 b). Nutritional determinants of the increase in energy intake associated with a high-fat diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 1131137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A., Després, J.-P., St-Jean, L., Thériault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1990). Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 2. Effect on glucose metabolism and resting energy expenditure. International Journal of Obesity 14, 7584.Google ScholarPubMed
Tremblay, A., Plourde, G., Després, J.-P. & Bouchard, C. (1989). Impact of dietary fat content and fat oxidation on energy intake in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 799805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vague, J. (1947). [Sexual differentiation, a factor affecting the forms of obesity.] Press Médicale 30, 339340.Google Scholar
Vague, J. (1956). The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4, 2034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Itallic, T. B. (1979). Obesity: adverse effects on health and longevity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 (Suppl. 12), 27232733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinsier, R. L., Norris, D. J., Birch, R., Bernstein, R. S., Wang, J., Yang, M. U., Pierson, R. N. & van Itallie, T. B. (1985). The relative contribution of body fat and fat pattern to blood pressure level. Hypertension 7, 578585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weintraub, M. S., Rosen, Y., Otto, R., Eisenberg, S. & Breslow, J. L. (1989). Physical exercise conditioning in the absence of weight loss reduces fasting and post-prandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels. Circulation 79, 10071014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, P. T., Krauss, R. M., Vranizan, K. M. & Wood, P. D. S. (1990). Changes in lipoprotein subfractions during diet-induced and exercise-induced weight loss in moderately overweight men. Circulation 81, 12931304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, P. T., Wood, P. D., Haskell, W. L. & Vranigan, K. (1982). The effect of running mileage and duration on plasma lipoprotein levels. Journal of the American Medical Association 247, 26742679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilmore, J. H. (1983). Body composition in sport and exercise: directions for future research. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15, 2131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, R. R. & Jeffrey, R. W. (1979). Outpatient treatment of obesity: a comparison of methodology and clinical results. International Journal of Obesity 3, 261.Google ScholarPubMed
Wing, R. R., Shoemaker, M., Markus, M. D., McDermott, M. & Gooding, W. (1990). Variables associated with weight loss and improvements in glycemic control in type II diabetic patients in behavioral weight control programs. International Journal of Obesity 14, 495503.Google ScholarPubMed
Wood, P. D., Haskell, W. L., Blair, S. N., Williams, P. T., Krauss, R. M., Lindgren, F. T., Albers, J. J., Ho, P. H. & Farquhar, J. W. (1983). Increased exercise level and plasma lipoprotein concentrations: a one-year, randomized, controlled study in sedentary, middle-aged men. Metabolism 32, 3139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, P. D., Stefanick, M. L., Dreon, D. M., Frey-Hewitt, B., Garay, S. C., Williams, P. T., Superko, R. S., Fortmann, S. P., Albers, J. J., Vranizan, K. M., Ellsworth, N. M., Terry, R. B. & Haskell, W. L. (1988). Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. New England Journal of Medicine 319, 11731179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, P. D. & Stefanick, M. L. (1988). Exercise, fitness and atherosclerosis. In Exercise, Fitness and Health. A Consensus of Current Knowledge, pp. 409420 [Bouchard, C., Shephard, R. J., Stephens, T., Sutton, J. R. and McPherson, B. D., editors]. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.Google Scholar
Zurlo, F., Lillioja, S., Esposito-Del Puente, A., Nyomba, B. L., Raz, I., Saad, M. F., Swinburn, B. A., Knowler, W. C., Bogardus, C. & Ravussin, E. (1990). Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as predictor of weight gain: study of 24-h RQ. American Journal of Physiology 259, E650E657.Google ScholarPubMed