Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T09:02:29.430Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Advances in dietary fibre characterisation. 2. Consumption, chemistry, physiology and measurement of resistant starch; implications for health and food labelling

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

Martine Champ ,
Anna-Maria Langkilde ,
Fred Brouns ,
Bernd Kettlitz  and
Yves Le Bail-Collet
Martine Champ*
Affiliation:
Unité Fonctions Digestives et Nutrition Humaine INRA Nantes, Rue de la Geraudière BP 71627 Nantes Cedex 3 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
Anna-Maria Langkilde
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Sweden
Fred Brouns
Affiliation:
Cerestar, Research and Development Centre, Havenstraat 84, B-1800 Vilvoorde, Belgium Maastricht University, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht Maastricht, The Netherlands
Bernd Kettlitz
Affiliation:
Cerestar, Research and Development Centre, Havenstraat 84, B-1800 Vilvoorde, Belgium
Yves Le Bail-Collet
Affiliation:
Cerestar, Research and Development Centre, Havenstraat 84, B-1800 Vilvoorde, Belgium
*
*Dr. Martine Champ, fax +33 2 40 67 50 12, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Resistant starch (RS) is defined as ‘the sum of starch and products of starch degradation not absorbed in the small intestine of healthy individuals’. This basic definition includes different types of starches that (1) are physically inaccessible, usually due to an encapsulation in intact cell walls, or (2) are naturally highly resistant to mammalian α-amylase, or (3) have been modified by hydrothermic treatments then retrograded. Interest in RS has increased significantly during the last two decades, mostly due to its capacity to produce a large amount of butyrate all along the colon. Butyrate has been observed to have a range of effects on cell metabolism, differentiation and cell growth as well as inhibition of a variety of factors that underlie the initiation, progression and growth of colon tumours. The physiological definition of RS, which seems to be nearly consensual, raises a difficulty in proper analytical quantification of RS. A number of methods have, however, been proposed and provide similar values for the RS content in most of the starch types and starchy foods. It seems, however, that some starches, proven to be partly resistant according to in vivo investigations on ileostomy subjects, could not be quantified by most of these methods. This may be due to a widespread use of glucoamylase during the first steps of these methods. Accordingly, there is an international debate on health aspects of RS and on how to quantify the RS content of food products. The present review describes aspects of classification of RS, past and current consumption, physiological effects and analytical aspects, and concludes with impacts on food and product labelling.

Keywords

Dietary fibreResistant starchFood analysisFood labelling
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , December 2003 , pp. 143 - 161
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2003

References

Achour, L, Flourié, B, Briet, F, Franchisseur, C, Bornet, F, Champ, M, Rambaud, JC & Messing, B (1997) Metabolic effects of digestible and partially indigestible cornstarch: a study in the absorptive and postabsorptive periods in healthy humans. American Journal of ClinicUal Nutrition 66, 1151–1159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Åkerberg, AKE, Liljeberg, HGM, Granfeldt, YE, Drews, AW & Björck, IME (1998) An in vitro method, based on chewing, to predict resistant starch content in foods allows parallel determination of potentially available starch and dietary fiber. Journal of Nutrition 128, 651–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, H (1992) The ileostomy model for the study of carbohydrate digestion and carbohydrate effects on sterol secretion in man. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, Suppl. 2, S69–S76.Google Scholar
Anonymous (1992) Resistant Starch. Proceedings for the 2nd plenary meeting of EURESTA: European FLAIR Concerted Action No. 11 on physiological implications of the consumption of resistant starch in man. Crete, 29 May–2 June 1991. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, Suppl. 2, S1–S148.Google Scholar
Asp, NG (1992) Resistant starch – Proceedings from the second plenary meeting of EURESTA: European FLAIR Concerted Action No·11 on physiological implications of the consumption of resistant starch in man. Preface. In European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 46, Suppl. 2, S1.Google Scholar
Asp, NG, Johansson, CG, Hallmer, H & Siljeström, M (1983) Rapid enzymatic assay of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 31, 476–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asp, NG, van Amelsvoort, JMM & Hautvast, JGAJ (1996) Nutritional implications of resistant starch. Nutrition Research Reviews 9, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bach Knudsen, KE & Hessov, I (1995) Recovery of inulin from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in the small intestine of man. British Journal of Nutrition 74, 101–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baghurst, PA, Baghurst, KI & Record, SJ (1996) Dietary fibre, non-starch polysaccharides and resistant starch – a review. Food Australia 48, Suppl., S1–S36.Google Scholar
Berry, CS (1986) Resistant starch formation: formation and measurement of starch that survives exhaustive digestion with amylolytic enzymes during the determination of dietary fibre. Journal of Cereal Science 4, 301–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Björck, I (1996) Starch: Nutritional aspects. In. Carbohydrates in Food pp 505–553 [Eliasson, AC editor]. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.Google Scholar
Björck, I & Asp, NG (1991) Balance experiments in nebacitin-treated rats. In Methodological Aspects of In Vivo Methods for Measurement of Starch Digestibility In European Flair Concerted Action on Resistant Starch, contract no.AGRF/0027,.[Gudmand-Hoyer, E editor]. pp 35–39. Copenhagen, Denmark: Gentofte University.Google Scholar
Björck, I, Nymanm, M, Pedersen, B, Siljeström, M, Asp, NG & Eggum, BO (1986) On the digestibility of starch in wheat bread studies in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Cereal Science 4, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blottière, HM, Champ, M, Hoebler, C, Michel, C & Cherbut, C (1999) Les acides gras à chaîne courte: de la production colique aux effets physiologiques gastro-intestinaux (Short-chain fatty acids: from colonic production to physiological gastrointestinal effects). Sciences des Aliments 19, 269–290.Google Scholar
Brighenti, F, Casiraghi, MC & Baggio, C (1998) Starch in the Italian diet. British Journal of Nutrition 80, 333–341.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, IL, Wang, X, Topping, DL, Playne, MJ & Conway, PL (1998) High amylose maize starch as a versatile prebiotic for use with probiotic bacteria. Food Australia 50, 603–622.Google Scholar
Burn, J, Chapman, PD, Bertario, L, Bishop, DT, Below, S, Cummings, J, Mathers, J, Phillips, R & Vasen, H (1995) The protocol for a European double-blind trial of aspirin and resistant starch in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: The CAPP study. European Journal of Cancer 31, 1385–1386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burn, J, Chapman, PD, Bishop, DT & Mathers, J (1998) Diet and cancer prevention: The CAPP studies. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 183–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, A, Bingham, SA & Cummings, JH (1994) Starch intake and colorectal cancer risk: an international comparison. British Journal of Cancer 69, 937–942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Champ, M (1992) Determination of resistant starch in foods and food products: interlaboratory study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 446, Suppl. 2, S51–S62.Google Scholar
Champ, M, Kozlowski, F & Lecannu, G (2001) In vivo and in vitro methods for resistant starch measurement. In. In Dietary Fibre [McCleary, BV and Prosky, L editors]. pp 106–119. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Champ, M, Martin, L, Noah, L & Gratas, M (1999a) Analytical methods for resistant starch. In Complex Carbohydrates in Foods [Cho, SS, Prosky, L and Dreher, M editors]. pp 169–187. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.Google Scholar
Champ, M, Martin, L, Noah, L & Gratas, M (1999 b) In vivo techniques to quantify resistant starch. In.Complex Carbohydrates in Foods [Cho, SS, Prosky, L and Dreher, M editors]. pp 157–167. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.Google Scholar
Champ, M, Molis, C, Flourié, B, Bornet, F, Pellier, P, Colonna, p, Galmiche, JP & Rambaud, JC (1998) Small intestinal digestion of partially resistant corn starch in healthy subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, 705–710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapkin, RS, Fan, Y & Lupton, JR (2000) Effect of diet on colonic-programmed cell death: molecular mechanism of action. Toxicology Letters 112, 411–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JH, Edwards, C, Gee, J, Nagengast, F & Mathers, J (1994) Physiological effects of resistant starch in the large bowel. In. In Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA – Including the Final Reports of the Working Groups [Asp, NG, van Amelsvoort, JMM and Hautvast, JGAJ editors]. pp 38–55. Den Haag, The Netherlands: CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek.Google Scholar
Drasar, BS & Hill, MJ (1974) In Human Intestinal Flora. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dysseler, P & Hoffem, D (1994 a) Estimation of resistant starch intake in Europe. In Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA, April 1994. In European Flair-Concerted Action no.11 (COST 911), pp 84–86. [Asp, NG, van Amelsvoort, JMM and Hautvast, JGAJ editors]. Den Haag, The Netherlands: CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek.Google Scholar
Dysseler, P & Hoffem, D (1994) Ring test for total and resistant starch determination. In Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA, April 1994. In European Flair-Concerted Action no.11 (COST 911), pp 87–94. [Asp, NG, van Amelsvoort, JMM and Hautvast, JGAJ editors]. Den Haag, The Netherlands: CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek.Google Scholar
Englyst, HN & Cummings, JH (1985) Digestion of the polysaccharides of some cereal foods in the human small intestine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 778–787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englyst, HN & Cummings, JH (1986) Digestion of the carbohydrates of banana (Musa paradisiaca sapientum) in the human small intestine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 42–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englyst, HN & Cummings, JH (1987) Digestion of the polysaccharides of potato in the small intestine of man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 423–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englyst, HN, Kingman, SM & Cummings, JH (1992) Classification and measurement of nutritionally starch fractions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 446, Suppl. 2, S33–S50.Google Scholar
Englyst, HN, Kingman, SM, Hudson, GJ & Cummings, JH (1996 a) Measurement of resistant starch in vitro and in vivo. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 749–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Englyst, HN, Quigley, ME, Englyst, KN, Bravo, L & Hudson, GJ (1996 b) Dietary fiber. Measurement by the Englyst NSP procedure. Measurement by the AOAC procedure. Explanation of the differences. Journal of the Association of Public Analysts 32, 1–52.Google Scholar
Faisant, N, Buléon, A, Colonna, p, Molis, C, Lartigue, s, Galmiche, JP & Champ, M (1995 a) Digestion of raw banana starch in the small intestine of healthy humans: structural features of resistant starch. British Journal of Nutrition 73, 111–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faisant, N, Champ, M, Colonna, P & Buléon, A (1993 a) Structural discrepancies in resistant starch obtained in vivo in humans and in vitro. Carbohydrate Polymers 21, 205–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faisant, N, Champ, M, Colonna, P, Buléon, A, Molis, C, Langkilde, AM, Schweizer, T, Flourié, B & Galmiche, JP (1993 b) Structural features of resistant starch at the end of the human small intestine. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 285–296.Google ScholarPubMed
Faisant, N, Champ, M, Ranganathan, SS, Azoulay, C, Kergueris, MF & Krempf, M (1994) Effects of resistant starch supplementation on postprandial metabolism in healthy subjects. In Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA, April 1994. European Flair-Concerted Action no.11 (COST 911), [Asp, NG, van Amelsvoort, JMM and Hautvast, JGAJ editors]. pp 113–114. Den Haag, The Netherlands: CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek.Google Scholar
Faisant, N, Planchot, V, Kozlowski, F, Pacouret, MP, Colonna, P & Champ, M (1995 b) Resistant starch determination adapted to products containing high level of resistant starch. Sciences des Aliments 15, 83–89.Google Scholar
Finegold, SM, Sutter, VL, Boyle, JD & Shimada, K (1970) The normal flora of ileostomy and transverse colostomy effluents. Journal of Infectious Diseases 122, 376–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flourié, B, Florent, C, Etanchaud, F, Evard, d, Franchisseur, C & Rambaud, JC (1988) Starch absorption by healthy man evaluated by lactulose hydrogen breath test. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 61–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flourié, B, Florent, C, Jouany, JP, Thivend, P, Eatanchaud, F & Rambaud, JC (1986) Colonic metabolism of wheat starch in healthy humans. Effects on fecal outputs and clinical symptoms. Gastroenterology 90, 111–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goñi, I, Mañas, E, Garcia-Diz, L & Saura-Calixto, F. (1996) Analysis of resistant starch: a method for food and food products. Food Chemistry 56, 445–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heijnen, ML, Deurenberg, P, van Amelsvoort, JM & Beynen, AC (1997) Retrograded (RS3) but not uncooked (RS2) resistant starch lowers fecal ammonia concentrations in healthy men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 167–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heijnen, MLA, van Amelsvoort, JMM, Deurenberg, P & Beynen, AC (1996) Neither raw nor retrograded resistant starch lowers fasting serum cholesterol concentrations in healthy normolipidemic subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64, 312–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heijnen, MLA, van Amelsvoort, JMM, Deurenberg, P & Beynen, AC (1998) Limited effect of consumption of uncooked (RS2) or retrograded (RS3) resistant starch on putative risk factors for colon cancer in healthy men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 322–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hylla, S, Gostner, A, Dusel, G, Anger, H, Bartram, HP, Christl, SU, Kasper, H & Scheppach, W (1998) Effects of resistant starch on the colon in healthy volunteers: possible implications for cancer prevention. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 136–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kritchevsky, D (1995) Epidemiology of fibre, resistant starch and colorectal cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 4, 345–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruh, J (1982) Effects of sodium butyrate, a new pharmacological agent, on cells in culture. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 42, 65–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Kruh, J, Defer, N & Tichonicky, L (1995) Effect of butyrate on cell proliferation and gene expression. In Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short Chain Fatty Acids, pp 278–288. [Cummings, JH, Rombeau, JL and Sakata, T editors].Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Langkilde, AM & Andersson, H (1994) In vivo quantification of resistant starch in EURESTA reference materials using the ileostomy model. In. Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA – Including the Final Reports of the Working Groups pp 31–32.[Asp, NG, van Amelsvoort, JMM and Hautvast, JGAJ editors]. Den Haag, The Netherlands: CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek.Google Scholar
Langkilde, AM, Andersson, H, Faisant, N & Champ, M (1994) A comparison between the intubation technique and the ileostomy model for in vivo measurement of RS. In Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA – Including the Final Reports of the Working Groups pp 28–30. [Asp, NG, van Amelsvoort, JMM and Hautvast, JGAJ editors]. Den Haag, The Netherlands: CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek.Google Scholar
Langkilde, AM, Champ, M & Andersson, H (2002) Effects of high-resistant-starch banana flour (RS(2)) on in vitro fermentation and the small-bowell excretion of energy, nutrients, and sterols: an ileostomy study. American Journal of Clinical Nutriton 75, 104–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langkilde, AM, Ekwall, H, Bjorck, I, Asp, NG & Andersson, H (1998) Retrograded high-amylose corn starch reduces cholic acid excretion from the small bowel in ileostomy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 790–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, SC, Prosky, L & De Vries, JW (1992) Determination of total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber in foods – enzymatic-gravimetric method, MES-TRIS buffer: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International 71, 395–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitt, MD (1969) Production and excretion of hydrogen gas in man. New England Journal of Medicine 284, 1394–1398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lia, L, Sundberg, B, Aman, P, Sandberg, AS, Hallmans, G & Andersson, H (1996) Substrates available for colonic fermentation from oat, barley and wheat bread diets. A study in ileostomy subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 76, 797–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livesey, G (1994) Energy value of resistant starch. In Proceedings of the Concluding Plenary Meeting of EURESTA, April 1994. European Flair-Concerted Action no.11 (COST 911), pp 56–62.[Asp, NG, van Amelsvoort, JMM and Hautvast, JGAJ editors]. Den Haag, The Netherlands: CIP-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek.Google Scholar
Livesey, G, Wilkinson, JA, Roe, M, Faulks, r, Clark, S, Brown, JC, Kennedy, H & Elia, M (1995) Influence of the physical form of barley grain on the digestion of its starch in the human small intestine and implications for health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 75–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCleary, BV, McNally, M & Rossiter, P (2002 a) Measurement of resistant starch by enzymatic digestion in starch and selected plant materials: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International 85, 1103–1111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCleary, BV & Monaghan, DA (2002) Measurement of resistant starch. Journal of AOAC International 85, 665–675.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, A, Gibson, PR & Young, GP (1993) Butyrate production from dietary fibre and protection against large bowel cancer in a rat model. Gut 34, 386–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, LJ, Dumon, HJ, Lecannu, G & Champ, MM (2000) Potato and high-amylose maize starches are not equivalent producers of butyrate for the colonic mucosa. British Journal of Nutrition 84, 689–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muir, JG, Birkett, A, Brown,, I, Jones, G & O'Dea, K (1995) Food processing and maize variety affects amounts of starch escaping digestion in the small intestine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 82–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muir, JG & O'Dea, K (1992) Measurement of resistant starch: factors affecting the amount of starch escaping digestion in vitro. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 123–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muir, JG & O'Dea, K (1993) Validation of an in vitro assay for predicting the amount of starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 540–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noah, L, Guillon, F, Bouchet, B, Buléon, A, Molis, C, Gratas, M & Champ, M (1998) Digestion of carbohydrate from home cooked white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in healthy humans. Journal of Nutrition 128, 977–985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrin, P, Pierre, F, Patry, Y, Champ, M, Berreur, M, Pradal, G, Bornet, F, Meflah, K & Menanteau, J (2001) Only fibres promoting a stable butyrate producing colonic ecosystem decrease the rate of aberrant crypt foci in rats. Gut 48, 53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, J, Muir, JG, Birkett, A, Lu, ZX, Jones, GP, O'Dea, K & Young, GP (1995) Effect of resistant starch on fecal bulk and fermentation-dependent events in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 121–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierre, F, Perrin, P, Champ, M, Bornet, f, Méflah, K & Ménanteau, J (1997) Short-Chain Fructo-oligosaccharides reduce the occurrence of colon tumors and development of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in Min Mice. Cancer Research 57, 225–228.Google ScholarPubMed
Planchot, V, Colonna, P & Buleon, A (1997) Enzymatic hydrolysis of α-glucan crystallites. Carbohydrate Research 298, 319–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prosky, L, Asp, NG, Furda, I, Devries, JW, Schweizer, TF & Harland, BF (1984) Determination of total dietary fiber in foods and food products and total diets: collaborative study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 67, 1044–1053.Google Scholar
Prosky, L, Asp, NG, Schweizer, TF, De Vries, JW & Furda, I (1988) Determination of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber in foods and food products: interlaboratory study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 71, 1017–1023.Google ScholarPubMed
Prosky, L, Asp, NG, Furda, I, De Vries, JW, Schweizer, TF & Harland, BF (1985) Determination of total dietary fiber in foods and food products: collaborative study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 68, 677–679.Google ScholarPubMed
Raben, A, Tagliabue, A, Christensen, NJ, Madsen, J, Holst, JJ & Astrup, A (1994) Resistant starch: the effect on postprandial glycemia, hormonalresponse, and satiety. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 544–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranganathan, S, Champ, M, Pechard, C, Blanchard, p, N'Guyen, M, Colonna, P & Krempf, M (1994) Comparative study of the acute effects of resistant starch and dietary fibers on metabolic indexes in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 879–883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowland, IR, Rumney, CJ, Coutts, JT & Lievense, LC (1998) Effect of Bifidobacterium longum and inulin on gut bacterial metabolism and carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci in rats. Carcinogenesis 19, 281–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rumessen, JJ (1992) Hydrogen and methane breath tests for evaluation of resistant carbohydrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 446, Suppl. 2, S77–S90.Google Scholar
Sakamoto, J, Nakaji, S, Sugawara, K, Iwane, S & Munakata, A (1996) Comparison of resistant starch with cellulose diet on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinogenesis in rats. Gastroenterology 110, 116–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandberg, AS, Andersson, H, Hallgren, B, Hasselblad, k, Isaksson, B & Hulten, L (1981) Experimental model for in vivo determination of dietary fibre and its effect on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. British Journal of Nutrition 45, 283–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandberg, As, Andersson, H, Kivisto, B & Sandstrom, B (1983) Extrusion cooking of a high-fibre cereal product. 1. Effects on digestibility and absorption of protein, fat, starch, dietary fibre and phytate in the small intestine. British Journal of Nutrition 55, 245–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheppach, W, Fabian, C, Sachs, M & Kasper, H (1988) The effect of starch malabsorption on fecal short chain fatty acid excretion in man. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 23, 755–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schweizer, TF, Walter, E & Venetz, P (1988) Collaborative study for the enzymatic, gravimetric determination of total dietary fibre in foods. Mitteilungen aus der Gebiete der Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Hygiene 79, 57–68.Google Scholar
Shetty, PS & Kurpach, AV (1986) Increased starch intake in the human diet increases fecal bulking. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 210–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephen, AM, Haddad, AC & Phillips, SF (1983) Passage of carbohydrate into the colon. Direct measurements in humans. Gastroenterology 85, 589–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephen, AM, Sieber, GM, Gerster, YA & Morgan, DR (1995) Intake of carbohydrate and its components – international comparisons, trends over time, and effects of changing to low-fat diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 851S–867S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorup, I, Meyer, O & Kristiansen, E (1995) Effect of potato starch, corn starch and sucrose on aberrant crypt foci in rats exposed to azoxymethane. Anticancer Research 15B, 2101–2105.zGoogle Scholar
Tomlin, J & Read, NW (1990) The effect of resistant starch on colon function in humans. British Journal of Nutrition 64, 589–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Munster, IP, Tangerman, A & Nagengast, FM (1994) Effect of resistant starch on colonic fermentation, bile acid metabolism and mucosal proliferation. Digestive Diseases Science 39, 834–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, RH, Young, GP & Bhathal, PS (1986) Effects of short chain fatty acids on a new human carcinoma cell line (LIM1215). Gut 27, 1427–1463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Würsch, P & Koellreuter, B (1992) Susceptibility of resistant starch to α-amylase. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 446, Suppl. 2, S113–S115.Google Scholar
Young, GP, McIntyre, A, Albert, V, Folino, M, Muir, JG & Gibson, PR (1996) Wheat bran suppresses potato starch-potentiated colorectal tumorigenesis at the aberrant crypt stage in a rat model. Gastroenterology 110, 508–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed