1. Rabel, , The Conflict of Laws, A Comparative Study, vol. 1 (2nd ed. 1958)Google Scholar, vol. 2 (2nd ed. 1960), vol. 3 (1950), vol. 4 (1954) (hereinafter cited as Rabel, The Conflict of Laws).

2. 2 Rabel, The Conflict of Laws 235.

3. See Ehrenzweig, , A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws (1962) 541, 542Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Ehrenzweig, Treatise) and Steindorff, Sachnormen im internationalen Privatrecht (1958) 116; both authors show that the rule developed in the middle of the last century when the civil liability for torts became independant from penal responsability.

4. Italy: art. 25, 2 disp. prel.c. c.: “Le obbligazioni non contrattuali (…)sono regolate dalla legge del luogo ove è avvenuto il fatto dal quale esse derivano.” In Belgium, France and Luxembourg the rule is deduced from art. 3, 1 of then-civil codes which reads in all of these countries: “Les lois de police et de sûreté obligent tous ceux qui habitent le territoire.” For decisions see:

Belgium: Cass. (audience plénière) 17.5.1957, Pas. 1957 I nu, 11 (1957) Rev. crit. jur. belge 192 w. comment Vander Elst, 47 (1958)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 339 w. comment Loussouom, 85 (1958)Google Scholar Clunet 1158 w. comment Abrahams; France: Cass. 15.2.1905, Sirey 1905.1.209; Cass. 22.5.1948, Dalloz 1948, 357 w. comment Lerebours-Pigeonière, Sirey 1949.1.21 w. comment Niboyet, 38 (1949)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 91 w. comment Batiffol; compare also Batiffol, Traité élémentaire de droit international privé (3rd ed. 1959) no. 557, p. 605 (hereinafter cited as Batiffol, Traité élÉmentaire); De Vos, Le problsème des conflits de lois (1946) 734 (hereinafter cited as De Vos, Conflits de lois);

Luxembourg: for citations see Bernecker, , Internationales Privat- und Prozessrecht im Grossherzogtum Luxemburg, 27 (1962)Google ScholarRabelsZ, 263, 307–309.Google Scholar In Germany the rule is deduced from Art. 12 EGBGB, see BGH 29.1.1959, 29 BGHZ 237; OLG Saarbrücken 22.10.1957, 1958 NJW 752, 753; BINDER, Zur Auflockerung des Deliktsstatuts, 20 (1955) RabelsZ, 401, 406Google Scholar; RAAPE, Internationales Privatrecht (5th ed. 1961) 571.

5. Austria: OGH 1.4.1960, 1960 Jur. Bl. 553 w. comment Schwimann; Netherlands: Arr.-Rechtbank Arnhem, 11 16, 1950Google Scholar, 1951 N.J.no. 7; Arr.-Rechtbank Rotterdam, June 12, 1953, 1954 N.J. no. 627, 1955 Nederl. Tijdschr. Int. R. 303; Arr.-Rechtbank Rotterdam, 03 7, 1958Google Scholar, 1958 N.J. no. 378; Switzerland: BG 30.10.1940, 66 BGE II 165, 167; BG 11.5.1950, 76 BGE II 110, 111.

6. Projet de loi uniforme relative au droit international privé élaboré par la Commission belgo-néerlando-luxembourgeoise pour l'étude de l'unification du droit (15 mars 1950), 40 (1951) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 710–714 (hereinafter cited as Benelux Uniform Law); the related art. 18, 1 reads:

“La loi du pays où un fait a lieu détermine si ce fait constitue un acte illicite, ainsi que les obligations qui en résultent. Toutefois, si les conséquences de l'acte illicite appartiennent à la sphère juridique d'un pays autre que celui où le fait a eu lieu, les obligations qui en résultent sont déterminées par la loi de cet autre pays.”

7. This restriction is always cited, but few cases have been decided on this ground, see Batiffol, , Traité élémentaire no. 559, p. 607Google Scholar, note (4); a Rabel, , The Conflict of Laws 248Google Scholar; examples of the French case law are: Cass. 29.5.1894, Sirey, 1894.1.481; Cour de Paris 7.12.1885, 13 (1886)Google ScholarClunet, 713.Google Scholar

For the German case law see Kegel in Soergel-Siebert, , Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, vol. 5 (9th ed. 1961), Art. 12, no. 60, p. 713Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Kegel in 5 Spergel-Siebert.)

8. This view has received legislative support in Germany, see Verordnung über die Rechtsanwendung bei Schädigung deutscher Staatsangehöriger ausserhalb des Reichsgebiets, 7.12.1942 (RGB1. I 706), sect, i; it was doubtful, whether this ordinance was still in force, but it has been acknowledged recently, BGH 2.2.1961, 34 BGHZ 222, 225; see also Binder, , supra note 4, 409, 410Google Scholar; Kegel, in 5Google ScholarSoergel-Siebert, , Art. 12, no. 23, p. 704.Google Scholar

In the Netherlands there is also some authority for this theory, see art. 18, 2 Benelux Uniform Law and Gerechtshof The Hague, June 16, 1955, 1955 N.J. no. 615 = 3 (1956) Nederl. Tijdschr. Int. R. 290; Arr.-Rechtbank Breda, 10 2, 1962Google Scholar, 1963 N.J. no. 109; Van Brakel, , Grondslagen en Beginselen van Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht (3rd ed. 1953) 223Google Scholar; Drion, , De ratio voor toepassing van vreemd recht in zake de onrechtmatige daad in het buitenland, 1949Google Scholar R. M. Themis 3, 58; Hijmans, , Algemene problemen van internationaal privaatrecht (1937) 93Google Scholar; but there is also—older—authority favouring the application of the foreign lex loci delicti even in these cases, see Leeuwarden, Gerechtshof, 02 6, 1929Google Scholar, 1930 N.J. no. 217; Arr.-Rechtbank Maastricht, December 8, 1927, 1929 N.J. no. 130; Hof 'sHertogenbosch, May 24, 1932, 1933 N.J. no. 361; Hof'sGravenhage, , 12 28, 1934Google Scholar, 1937 N.J. no. 108; see also Dubbink, De onrechtmatige daad in het Nederlandse internationaal privaatrecht (1947) 30 (hereinafter cited as Dubbink, De onrechtmatige daad).

For a survey of the modern European case law see 2 Van der Elst, , Les lois de police et de sûreté (1963), 227–237.Google Scholar

9. Batiffol, , Traité élémentaire no. 562, p. 611Google Scholar; Betti, , Problematica del diritto internazionale (1956) 541–547Google Scholar; Van Brakel, , Grondslagen 221Google Scholar; Delachaux, Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen aus Delikt und Quasidelikt im internationalen Privatrecht (1960) 107–110 (hereinafter cited as Delachaux, Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen); Dubbink, De onrechtmatige daad 49–52; Kegel, , Internationales Privatrecht (2 nd ed. 1964) 216Google Scholar; Lerebours-Pigeonnière et Loussouarn, Droit international privé (7th ed. 1959) no. 354, p. 409–411Google Scholar; Mulder, , Internationaal Privaatrecht (2nd ed. 1947), 194, 195Google Scholar; 5 Niboyet, , Traité de droit international privé français (1948) 146–149Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Niboyet, Droit international privé); Raape, , Internationales Privatrecht 571–574Google Scholar; 2 Rabel, , The Conflict of Laws 251–254Google Scholar; 2 Schnitzer, , Handbuch des internationalen Privatrechts (3rd ed. 1950) 596Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Schnitzer, Handbuch); 2 De Vos, , Conflicts de lois no. 715, p. 735Google Scholar; Wolff, , Das internationale Privatrecht Deutschlands (3rd. ed. 1954) 164.Google Scholar

10. 3 Mazeaud-Tunc, Traité théorique et pratique de la responsabilité civile délictuelle et contractuelle (5th ed. 1960) no. 2239–2242–2, p. 362–370 (hereinafter cited as 3 Mazeaud-Tunc, Traité théorique et pratique); Mazeaud, , Conflits de loi et compétence internationale dans le domaine de la responsabilité civile délictuelle et quasi-délictuelle, 29 (1934)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 377–402; 8 Savigny, , System des heutigen Römischen Rechts (1849), 278Google Scholar; Waechter, , Über die Collision der Privatrechtsgesetze verschiedener Staaten, 24 (1841)Google Scholar Arch. civ. Pr. 230, 25 (1842) Arch. civ. Pr. 361.

11. Drion, , supra note 8, 1949 R. M. Themis 3–66.Google Scholar

12. Compare Delachaux, Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 92; for criticism see Batiffol, , Traité élémentaire no. 556, p. 605Google Scholar; Binder, , supra note 4, 459Google Scholar; Delachaux, id. 92, 93; Dubbink, , De onrechtmatige daad 33, 34.Google Scholar

13. Binder, , supra note 4, 468–471, 497–499.Google Scholar

14. Bourel, , note 52 (1963) Rev. crit. dr. int. pr. 551, 555.Google Scholar

15. Delachaux, , Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 111–130.Google Scholar

16. Strömholm, , Torts in the Conflict of Laws, A Comparative Study (1961) 46, 115Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Strömholm, Torts in the Conflict of Laws).

17. In general see Cheshire, , Private International Law (6th ed. 1961) 277–298Google Scholar; Dicey-Morris, , Conflict of Laws (7th ed. 1958) 932–978Google Scholar; Graveson, , The Conflict of Laws (4th ed. 1960) 496–507Google Scholar; Schmitthoff, , A Textbook of the English Conflict of Laws (2nd ed. 1948) 144–159Google Scholar; Wolff, , Private International Law (2nd ed. 1950) 485–497.Google Scholar

18. The leading case of this doctrine is Phillips, v. Eyre, (1870)Google Scholar, L.R. 6 Q.B. 1, interpreted by numerous later decisions, e.g. Machado, v. Fontes, [1897] 2 Q.B. 231Google Scholar; Carr v. Fracis Times & Co. [1902] A.C. 176.Google Scholar

19. Compare Smith, J. A. C., Torts and the Conflict of Laws, 20 Modern L. Rev. 447–463 (1957).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20. On the theoretical basis of the vested rights theory in the conflicts law of torts see Smith, J. A. C., supra note 19, 20 Modern L. Rev. 447, 456–459 (1957)Google Scholar; see also Ehrenzweig, , The Place of Acting in Intentional Multistate Torts: Law and Reason versus the Restatement, 36 Minn. L. Rev. 1–49Google Scholar; Graveson, , The Comparative Evolution of Principles of the Conflict of Laws in England and the U.S.A., 99 Recueil des Cours 21, 100–111 (1960 I).Google Scholar

21. See Justice Holmes' opinions in Slater v. Mexican National R.R., 194 U.S. 120, 24 S.Ct. 581 (1904)Google Scholar; American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co., 313 U.S. 347, 29 S.Ct. 511 (1909)Google Scholar; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Brown, 234 U.S. 542, 34 S.Ct. 955 (1913).Google Scholar

22. 2 Beale, , A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws (1935) 1285–1348Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Beale, Conflict of Laws); see also Goodrich, , Handbook of the Conflict of Laws (3rd ed. 1949) 260–303Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Goodrich, Conflict of Laws).

23. Restatement of the Law of Conflick of Laws (1934), §§ 377–438Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Restatement).

24. Restatement § 65.Google Scholar

25. That the vested rights theory as interpreted by Beale and the Restatement had only little support in the actual American case law is pointed out by Ehrenzweig, Treatise 569 and Rheinstein, The Place of Wrong: A Study in the Method of Case Law, 19 Tul. L. Rev. 1, 165–181 (1944).Google Scholar

26. Cook, , The Logical and Legal Bases of the Conflict of Laws (1943) 71–89Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Cook, The Logical and Legal Bases); Lorenzen, , Tort Liability and the Conflict of Laws, 47 L.Q,. Rev. 483–501 (1931)Google Scholar, reprinted in Lorenzen, , Selected Articles on the Conflict of Laws (1947) 360–378Google Scholar; Lorenzen, and Heilman, , The Restatement of the Conflict of Laws, 83 U. Pa. L. Rev. 555–589 (1935).Google Scholar

For a charactenzation of the opinions of Justice Stone, who opposed the conceptualistic approach of the vested rights theory, see Cheatham, Stone and the Conflict of Laws, 46 Colum. L. Rev. 719–733 (1946)Google Scholar and Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 14.Google Scholar

27. See the opinions of Judge Learned Hand in Guiness v. Miller, 291 F. 768, 770Google Scholar (S.D.N.Y. 1933), affirmed 399 F. 538 (2d Cir. 1934); Scheer v. Rockne Motors Corp., 68 F. 2d 943, 944 (2d Cir. 1934)Google Scholar; Irving Trust Co. v. Maryland Casualty Co., 83 F. 2d 168 (2d Cir. 1936).Google Scholar

28. Cook, , The Logical and Legal Bases of the Conflict of Laws, 33 Yale L. J. 457, 469 (1934)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cook, , The Logical and Legal Bases 20, 21;Google Scholar

on the local law theories of Judge Learned Hand and Professor Cook see also Cavers, , The Two “Local Law” Theories, 63 Harv. L. Rev. 822–832 (1950).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

29. Morris, , Torts in the Conflict of Laws, 12 Modern L. Rev. 248–252 (1949)Google Scholar; Morris, , The Proper Law of a Tort, 64 Harv. L. Rev. 881–895 (1951).Google Scholar

30. Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 352–354.Google Scholar

31. Currie's governmental interests theory is developed in the following articles: Currie, The Constitution and the Choice of Law: Governmental Interests and the Judicial Function, 26 U. Chi. L. Rev. 9–84 (1958)Google Scholar; Currie, Notes on Methods and Objectives in the Conflict of Laws, 1959 Duke, L. J. 171–181Google Scholar; Currie, The Constitution and the “Transitory” Cause of Action, 73 Harv. L. Rev. 36–82, 268–303 (1959)Google Scholar; Currie, , Justice Traynor and the Conflict of Laws, 13 Stanf. L. Rev. 719–778 (1961)Google Scholar; Currie, , Conflict, Crisis and Confusion in New York, 1963Google Scholar Duke L. J. 1–55; Currie, , The Desinterested Third State, 28Google ScholarLaw & Contemp. Prob. 754–794 (1963).Google Scholar

32. See e.g. Mertz v. Mertz, 271 N.Y. 466, 3 N.E. ad 597 (1936)Google Scholar; compare Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 332.Google Scholar

33. Under the Restatement the courts always could avoid the application of the foreign lex loci delicti because of the forum's public policy; § 612 provided: “No action can be maintained upon a cause of action created in another state the enforcement of which is contrary to the strong public policy of the forum.” See also Ehrenzweig, , supra note 16, 36 Minn. L. Rev. 1, 13.Google Scholar

34. See infra notes 38, 57, 171, 172, 174.

35. Compare Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 548Google Scholar rejecting every attempt of generalization.

36. Restatement (Second), Conflict of Laws § 379 (1) (Tent. Draft No. 8, 1963).Google Scholar

37. Comment, The Second Conflicts Restatement of Torts: Caveat, A, 51 Calif. L. Rev. 762, 776 (1963).Google Scholar

38. Babcock, v. Jackson, , 12 N.Y. 2d 473, 191 N.B. 2d 279, 240 N.Y. S 2d 743 (1963)Google Scholar; on this decision see Comments on Babcock v. Jackson, A recent Development in the Conflict of Laws, 63 Colum. L. Rev. 1212–1257 (1963)Google Scholar with comments by Cavers, (1219)Google Scholar, Cheatham, (1229)Google Scholar, Currie, (1233)Google Scholar, Ehrenzweig, (1243)Google Scholar, Leflar, (1247)Google Scholar and Reese, (1251).Google Scholar

The same court had already adopted the formula of the “center of gravity” in earlier cases dealing with contracts, see Auten v. Auten, 308 N.Y. 155, 124 N.B. 2d 99 (1954); Haag v. Barnes, 9 N.Y. 2d 554, 175 N.E. 2d 441, 216 N.Y. S. 2d 65 (1961).

39. See e.g. Cheatham, Leflar and Reese, citations supra note 38.

40. Cavers, Re-Restating the Conflict of Laws: The Chapter on Contracts, XXth Century Comparative and Conflicts Law, Legal Essays in Honor of Hessel E. Yntema (1961), 349, 354–359Google Scholar; Currie, , supra note 31, 1963Google ScholarDuke, L. J. 1, 39–52Google Scholar; Ehrenzweig, , The “Most Significant Relationship”Google Scholar in the Conflict of Torts, 28Google Scholar Law & Contemp. Prob. 700–705 (1963); Gow, , Delict and Private International Law, 65Google Scholar L.Q.Rev. 313, 316–317 (1949); Rheinstein, How to Review a Festschrift, 11 Am. J. Comp. L. 632, 655–658 (1962)Google Scholar; Comment, supra note 37, 51 Cal. L. Rev. 762, 775–779.Google Scholar

41. See Cheatham, , American Theories of Conflict of Laws: Their Role and Utility, 58 Harv. L. Rev. 361, 385 (1945).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

42. See citations supra notes 13–16. See also 2 Vander Elst, Les lois de police et de sûreté 233–237.Google Scholar

43. Compare Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 309–313.Google Scholar

44. Van Brakel, , Grondslagen 221Google Scholar; Delachaux, , Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 197–198Google Scholar; Dubbink, , De onrechtmatige daad 120Google Scholar; Kegel, , Internationales Privatrecht 246Google Scholar; Kegel, in 5 Soergel-Siebert, Art. 12, no. 47, p. 709Google Scholar; 5 Niboyet, , Droit international privé 149Google Scholar; Raape, , Internationales Privatrecht 572Google Scholar (implicitly); 2 Rabel, The Conflict of Laws 279Google Scholar; 5 Schönenberger-Jäggi, Kommentar zum Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuch, Das Obligationenrecht (3rd ed. 1961), Allg. Einl. no. 338, p. 125 (hereinafter cited as Schönen-Berger-Jäggi, Das Obligationenrecht).

45. Cass. (aud. pl.) 17.5.1955, Pas. 1957 I 1111, 11 Rev. crit. jur. beige 192 w. comment Vander Elst, 47 (1958)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 339 w. comment Loussouarn, 85 (1958)Google Scholar Clunet 1158 w. comment Abrahams; Graulich, , Principes de droit international privé (1961), p. 37, no. 41.Google Scholar

46. On the issue of the application of the “ordre public” in the instant case see the comments of Vander Elst, 11 (1957) Rev. crit. 202 and Loussouarn, , 47 (1958)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 344.

47. Cass. 23.11.1962, Pas. 1963 I 374, 17 (1963) Rev. crit. jur. beige 223 w. note Rigaux, 52 (1963)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 542 w. comment Simon-Depitre.

48. Art. 541 B.W.

49. The court explicitly rejected the Finnish law as the law of the flag, but did not discuss the application of the lex fori, see Cass. 23.11.1962, supra note 47.

50. BGH 29.1.1959, 29 BGHZ 237.

51. Compare also the earlier decision of the Reichsgericht, RG 9.7.1892, 29 RGZ 90, 93.

52. Restatement § 412.Google Scholar

53. 2 Beale, , Conflict of Laws 1309–1310Google Scholar; Goodrich, , Conflict of Laws 302Google Scholar; see also Hancock, , Torts in the Conflict of Laws (1942) 119Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Hancock, Torts); Leflar, , The Law of Conflict of Laws (1959) 220Google Scholar (hereinafter cited as Leflar, Conflict of Laws); 2 Rabel, , The Conflict of Laws 278Google Scholar; Stumberg, , Principles of Conflict of Laws (3rd ed. 1963) 195 (hereinafter cited as Stumberg, Conflict of Laws).Google Scholar

54. Loucks v. Standard Oil Co., 224 N.Y. 99, 120 N.E. 198 (1918)Google Scholar; Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Nichols, 264 U.S. 348, 44 S.Ct. 353 (1924).Google Scholar

55. Compare Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 552.Google Scholar

56. See e.g. Wooden v. Western N.Y. & P. R. Co., 126 N.Y. 10, 26 N.E. 1050 (1891)Google Scholar, illustrated by Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 552.Google Scholar

57. Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc., 9 N.Y. 2d 34, 211 N.Y.S. 2d 133, 172 N.E. 2d 527 (1961)Google Scholar; for a discussion of the Kilberg case see, e.g. Currie, , supra note 31, 1963Google Scholar Duke L. J. 1–22; Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 553–554Google Scholar; comments in 49 Calif. L. Rev. 187 (1961)Google Scholar; 61 Colum. L. Rev. 1497 (1961)Google Scholar; 46 Corn. L.Q. 637 (1961)Google Scholar; 36 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 723 (1961)Google Scholar; 28 U. Chi. L. Rev. 733 (1961)Google Scholar; 47 Va. L. Rev. 692 (1961).Google Scholar

58. Massachusetts General Laws Annotated, Chapter 229, s. 2.

59. Riley v. Capital Airlines, Inc., 24 Misc. 2d 457, 199 N.Y. S. 2d 515 (1960)Google Scholar, changed according to the Kilberg holding in 13 App. Div. 2d 889, 215 N.Y.S. 2d 295 (1961); Tobinick v. Checker Taxicab Co., 12 Misc. 2d 724, 174 N.Y.S. 2d 508 (1957).Google Scholar

60. Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc., 9 N.Y. 2d 34, 42, 211 N.Y.S. 2d 133, 137, 172 N.E. 2d 526, 529 (1961).Google Scholar

61. Id., 9 N. Y. 2d 34, 39, 211 N.Y.S. 2d 133, 135, 173 N.E. 2d 526, 527.

62. Thompson v. Capital Airlines, Inc., 220 F. Supp. 140 (1963).Google Scholar

63. Pearson v. Northeast Airlines, Inc., 309 F. 2d 553 (2d Gir. 1962)Google Scholar; cert. den., 372 U.S. 912 (1963).

64. Constitution of the United States, 1789, Art. IV, §1: “Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and Judicial Proceedings of every other State….”

65. Pearson v. Northeast Airlines, Inc., 309 F. 2d 553, 559 (1963).Google Scholar

66. Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817 (1938)Google Scholar; Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 61 S.Ct. 1020 (1941)Google Scholar; the rule compels the federal courts to apply the law of the state where they are situated; this is true especially for the law of conflict of laws; see Louisell, Confidentiality, Conformity and Confusion: Privileges in Federal Court Today, 31 Tul. L. Rev. 101, 117 (1956).Google Scholar

67. Davenport, v. Webb, , 11 N.Y. 2d 393, 183 N.E. 2d 903 (1963).Google Scholar

68. Id., 11 N.Y. 2d 392, 394, 183 N.E. 2d 902, 903; in the same sense see St. Clair v. Eastern Air Lines, Inc., 302 F. 2d 477, 479 (2d Cir. 1962).Google Scholar

69. Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc., 9 N.Y. 34, 42, 211 N.Y.S. 2d 133, 137, 172 N.E. 2d 526, 529 (1961).Google Scholar

70. Davenport, v. Webb, , 11 N.Y. 2d 392, 394, 183 N.E. 2d 902, 903 (1962).Google Scholar

71. Compare the dissenting opinion of Judge Froessel in Davenport, v. Webb, , 11 N.Y. 2d 392, 396, 183 N.E. 2d 902, 905 (1962).Google Scholar

72. See Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 554.Google Scholar

73. See supra II, 1 b.

74. Batiffol, , Traité élémentaire no. 562, p. 612Google Scholar; Delachaux, , Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 203Google Scholar; Dubbink, , De onrechtmatige daad 113–115Google Scholar; Kegel in 5 Soergel-Siebert, , Art. 12, no. 44, p. 709Google Scholar; 5 Niboyet, , Droit international privé 149Google Scholar; 2 Rabel, , The Conflict of Laws 258Google Scholar; Schönenberger-Jäggi, , Das Obligationenrecht, Allg. Einl, no. 338, p. 125Google Scholar; 2 De Vos, , Conflits de lois no. 719, p. 740Google Scholar; Wolff, , Das internationale Privatrecht Deutschlands 165.Google Scholar

75. BG 10.9.1925, 51 BGE II 327.

76. Trib. gr. inst. Seine 13.3.1963, 52 (1963) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 573 w. comment Batiffol.

77. See the comment by Batiffol, , 52 (1963)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 582.

78. See, e.g., Cass. 29.5.1894, Sirey 1894.1.481; Cour de Paris 7.12.1885, 13 (1886) Clunet, 713.Google Scholar

79. In a recent case the issue was whether the German lex loci delicti providing no recovery for immaterial damages (§ 253BGB) or the French law allowing recovery for “dommage moral” should be applied. French citizens were involved in an accident in Germany and the father of the victim sued the tortfeasor for recovery of “dommage moral”. The Tribunal de la grande instance de la Seine applied French law reasoning that the French “ordre public” would prevent to dissmiss the plaintiff's action on the basis of the German law. Tribunal de la grande instance de la Seine, November 2, 1962, 53 (1964) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 111 with a critical note by Bourel. The Cour d'appel de Paris affirmed the decision of the lower court reasoning that the question of complete recovery was governed by the French “ordre public” and despite the general lex loci delicti rule French law was applicable. Cour d'appel de Paris, 10 2, 1963, 53Google Scholar (1964) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 334 with comment P. Loussouarn.

80. Compare the comment by Bourel, , 52 (1963)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 551.

81. Cass. 3.1.1963, 52 (1963) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 547.

82. Cour d'appel de Paris 13.3.1963, 52 (1963) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 549.

83. Art. 1902, 1968 Código civil.

See also e.g. Cass. 24.2.1936, Sirey, 1936.1.161, 31 (1936)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 782 (place of wrong in France); Hof'sHertogenbosch, , 04 2, 1957Google Scholar, 1958 N.J. no. 131 (place of wrong in the Netherlands).

84. Hof 's-Gravenhage, , 06 16, 1955Google Scholar, 1955 N.J. no. 615, 1956 Nederl. Tijdschr. Int. R. 290.Google Scholar

85. Babcock, v. Jackson, 12 N.Y. 2d 473, 191 N.B. 2d 279, 240 N.Y.S. 2d 743 (1963).Google Scholar

86. Hof 's-Gravenhage, , 06 16, 1955Google Scholar, 1955 N.J. no. 615, 1956 Nederl. Tijd schr. Int. R. 290.

87. For citations see supra note 8.

88. Hof 's-Gravenhage, , 06 16, 1955 1955, N.J. no. 615 at the end.Google Scholar

89. See the recent judgment of the Arr.-Rechtbank Breda, October 2, 1962, applying Belgian law because of the Belgian citizenship of both parties, regardless of the locus delicti situated within the Netherlands; citation supra note 8.

90. Van Brakel, , Grondslagen en Beginselen van Nederlands Internationaal Privaatrecht 223Google Scholar; Drion, , supra note 8, 1949Google Scholar R. M. Themis 3, 58; Hijmans, , Algemene problemen van Internationaal Privaatrecht, 93.Google Scholar

91. H.R. April 11, 1958, 1958 N.J. no. 467.

92. Compare Czapski, , Niederländische Rechtsprechung zum internationalen Privat- und Prozessrecht, 24 (1959) Rabels Z 270, 303.Google Scholar

93. Art. 99 R.O.; compare Van Meeteren, Coops-Westerouen, Grondtrekken van het Nederlands Burgerlijk Procesrecht (7th ed. 1957) 171–174.Google Scholar

94. See Note, 34 Ind. L.J. 338, note 2 (1959) and Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 577, note 1.Google Scholar

95. California Vehicle Code, § 17 158.

96. Compare Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 578, 579Google Scholar; Hancock, , Torts 104–107Google Scholar; Leflar, , Conflict of Laws 209Google Scholar; a Rabel, , The Conflict of Laws 258.Google Scholar

97. Ehrenzweig, Guest Statutes in the Conflict of Laws—Toward a Theory of Enterprise Liability under “Foreseeable and Insurable Laws”: 1, 69 Yale L.J. 595, 600–602 (1960).Google Scholar

98. See e.g. Hall, v. Hamel, , 244 Mass. 464, 138 N.B. 925 (1923)Google Scholar; Pool v. Day, 141 Kan. 195, 40 P. 2d 396 (1935)Google Scholar; Eskovitz v. Berger, 276 Mich. 536, 268 N.W. 883 (1936).Google Scholar

99. Loranger, v. Nadeau, , 215 Cal. 362, 10 P. 2d 63 (1932)Google Scholar; see also Victor, v. Sperry, , 163 Cal. App. 2d 518, 329 P. 2d 729 (1958).Google Scholar

100. Compare Ehrenzweig, supra note 97, and Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 577–580.Google Scholar

101. Babcock, v. Jackson, , 12 N.Y. 2d 473, 191 N.E. 2d 279, 240 N.Y.S. 2d 743 (1963).Google Scholar

102. Id., 12 N.Y. ad 473, 478, 191 N.E. ad 279, 381, 240 N.Y.S. ad 743, 746.

102a. Citations see supra note 38.

103. Babcock, v. Jackson, , 12 N.Y. 2d 473, 481Google Scholar, 191 N.E. 2d 379, 283, 240 N.Y.S. 2d 743, 749.

104. Id., 12 N.Y. ad 473, 482, 191 N.E. 2d 279, 284, 240 N.Y.S. 2d 743, 750.

105. Restatement (Second), Conflict of Laws §379 (1) (Tent. Draft No. 8, 1963).Google Scholar

106. See also Lowe's North Wilkesboro Hardware, Inc. v. Fidelity Mutual Life Ins. Co., 319 F. ad 469 (4th Cir. 1963)Google Scholar; on this decision compare Ehrenzweig, supra note 40, 28 Law & Contemp. Prob. 700, 702–705.Google Scholar

107. Batiffol, , Traité élémentaire no. 541, p. 589Google Scholar; Bourel, Les conflits de lois 248; Van Brakel, Grondslagen 223; Delachaux, Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 211; Dubbink, De onrechtmatige daad 136; Kegel in 5 Soergel-Siebert, Art. 12, no. 47, p. 709; 5 Niboyet, Droit international privé 149; 2 Rabel, , The Conflict of Laws 294, 295Google Scholar; Schönenberger-Jäggi, Das Obligationenrecht, Allg. Eini. no. 338, p. 125Google Scholar and no. 368, 369, p. 135, 136.

108. Arr.-Rechtbank Groningen, 11 4, 1960Google Scholar, 1961 N.J. no. 114.

109. Strassenverkehrsgesetz, , 12 19, 1953 (BGBI. I 837), §14.Google Scholar

110. Arr.-Rechtbank Rotterdam, 11 21, 1950Google Scholar, 1952 N.J. no. 185; Arr.-Rechtbank Amsterdam, April 3, 1957, 1958 N.J. no. 108; in general see Hof's-Hertogenbosch, , 10 3, 1961Google Scholar, 1962 N.J. no. 323.

111. Cour d'appel de Paris 1.7.1959, 49 (1960) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 192 w. comment Bourel.

112. Trib. gr. inst. Seine 11.2.1961, 51 (1962) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 741.

113. OGH 1.4.1960, 1960 Jur. Bl. 553 w. comment Schwimann.

114. RG 8.7.1930, 129 RGZ 385, 388; BGH 12.12.1957, 1958 VersR 109.

115. RG 29.9.1927, 118 RGZ 141, 1926/1927 IPRspr. no. 46; see abo Kegel in 5 Soergel-Siebert, , Art. 12, no. 55, p. 711.Google Scholar

116. BG 15.3.1949, 75 BGE II 57, 65; see also Schönenberger-Jäggi, Das Obligationenrecht, Allg. Einl. no. 368, p. 136 with further citations; an exception is provided by the Swiss Motor Vehicle Code, art. 85 II.

117. In general see Trib. Rome 5.10.1951, Foro it. 1952.1.386 w. comment Morelli; Venturini, Diritto internazionale privato (1956) 175–177.Google Scholar

118. In Belgium the question is especially discussed in regard to contracts where different solutions are suggested, compare 2 De Vos, Conflits de lois no. 657–666, p. 673–683.Google Scholar

119. See e.g. Goodrich, , Conflict of Laws 240Google Scholar; compare also Leflar, , Conflict of Laws 145Google Scholar; Stumberg, , Conflict of Laws 119.Google Scholar

120. Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 429.Google Scholar

121. Restatement § 603.Google Scholar

122. Compare Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 433–434.Google Scholar

123. Vernon, , Statutes of Limitation in the Conflict of Laws: Borrowing Statutes, 32 Rocky Mt. L. Rev. 287, 294, note 23 (1960)Google Scholar, counts only twelve states that do not have a borrowing statute.

124. The various provisions of the borrowing statutes of the different states are summarized by Vernon, , supra note 123, 293–298.Google Scholar

125. Gaffney v. Unit Crane and Shovel Corp., 49 Del. 381, 117 A. 2d 237 (1955)Google Scholar; Bonsant, v. Rugo, , 190 F.Supp. 958 (D.C. Mass. 1961)Google Scholar; Corrigan, v. Clairol, , 126 F. Supp. 791 (D.C. Conn. 1954).Google Scholar

126. Williams v. Illinois Cent. R.R., 360 Mo. 501, 229 S.W. 2d 1 (1950).Google Scholar

127. Compare Hancock, Torts 134; for the different policy of the law of Kentucky, allowing any claim not barred under the law where the cause of action arose, see Ehrenzweig, Treatise 434.

128. Restatement § 604.Google Scholar

129. See supra notes 123, 124.

130. Restatement § 605Google Scholar: “If by the law of the state which has created a right of action, it is made a condition of the right that it shall expire after a certain period of limitation has elapsed, no action begun after the period has elapsed can be maintained in any state.”

131. See e.g. Bournias v. Atlantic Maritime Co., Ltd., 220 F.ad 152 (2d Cir. 1955)Google Scholar; Bengtson v. Nesheim, 259 F.2d 566 (9th Cir. 1958).Google Scholar

132. Often the interpretation of the forum's law and policy seems to be rather arbitrary, compare Ehrenzweig, Treatise 432: “… language to justify their preconceived conclusions.”

133. Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 131.Google Scholar

134. Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 432.Google Scholar

135. Such provisions exist, e.g., in France, Luxembourg and Switzerland.

136. On the older French view determining the question of direct action statutes according to the debtor's domicile, see Bourel, , Les conflits de lois 263.Google Scholar

137. Compare infra note 150.

138. Cass. 24.2.1936, Sirey, 1936.1.161, 64 (1937)Google ScholarClunet, 70, 31 (1936)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 782.

139. Compare Batiffol, , Traité élémentaire no. 621, p. 673Google Scholar; Bourel, , Les conflits de lois 263Google Scholar; 5 Niboyet, , Droit international privé 173.Google Scholar

140. Art. 21 de la loi du 13 juillet, 1930.Google Scholar

141. Cass. 24.2.1936, Sirey, 1936.1.161, 64 (1937)Google ScholarClunet, 70, 31 (1936)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 782.

142. See Batiffol, , Chronique de jurisprudence française 1935–1936Google Scholar, Conflit des lois, 32 (1937) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 419, 441; a Rabel, , The Conflict of Laws 264.Google Scholar

143. Cass. 25.6.1945, Dalloz 1946.51, Sirey, 1946.1.22, 35Google Scholar (1940–1946) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 251.

144. BG 13.9.1935, 61 BGE II 202, 205.

145. See citations in Bernecker, , supra note 4, 27 (1962)Google ScholarRabels, Z 263, 308.Google Scholar

146. Cass. 13.7.1948, Dalloz, 1948.433Google Scholar, 38 (1949) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 94.

147. For criticism see Besson, , comment on Cass. 13.7.1948Google Scholar, J.C.P. 1948. II. 4635; Savatier, comment on Cass. 24.2.1936, D.P. 1936.1.51.

148. Citation in Bernecker, , supra note 4, 27 (1962)Google ScholarRabelsZ, 263, 308Google Scholar note 346.

149. See Batiffol, , Traité élémentaire no. 562, p. 612Google Scholar, no. 621, p. 673, 674; Bourel, Les conflits de lois 266–268; Delachaux, Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 207; compare also 2 Rabel, The Conflict of Laws 263–265.Google Scholar

150. Compare in general Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 133–134 and 519–520.Google Scholar

151. See e.g. Robbins, v. Short, , 165 So. 512 (La. App. 1st Cir. 1936)Google Scholar, where the wrong occurred in Louisiana while the insurance policy was written in Missouri without providing a direct action. Compare also Comment, The Louisiana Direct Action Statute, 22 La. L. Rev. 243, 249–251 (1961).Google Scholar

152. Watson v. Employers Liability Assurance Corp., Ltd., 348 U.S. 66, 75 S.Ct. 166 (1954).Google Scholar

153. Thus the courts of Louisiana and Rhode Island have often applied their domestic direct action statutes relying on the lex contractus, e.g. Lowery v. Zorn, 157 So. 826 (1934)Google Scholar, aff. 184 La. 1054, 168 So. 297 (1936); Coderre v. Travellers' Ins. Co., 136 Atl. 305Google Scholar (R.I. Sup. Ct. 1927); Parrel v. Employers Liability Ass. Co., 168 All. 911 (R.I. Sup. Ct. 1933).Google Scholar

154. Watson v. Employers Liability Assurance Corp., Ltd., 348 U.S. 66, 73, 75 S.Ct. 166, 170 (1954).Google Scholar

155. Compare Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 134.Google Scholar

156. Mutual Service Casualty Ins. Co. v. Prudent Mutual Casualty Co., 25 Ill. App. 2d 429, 166 N.B. 2d 316 (1960)Google Scholar; McArthur v. Maryland Casualty Co., 184 Miss. 663, 186 So. 305 (1939)Google Scholar; Cook v. State Farm Mutual Insurance Company, 240 Miss. 577, 128 So. ad 363 (1961)Google Scholar; Penny v. Powell, 162 Tex. 497, 347 S.W. 2d 601 (1961).Google Scholar

157. Morton v. Maryland Casualty Company, 148 N.Y.S. ad 524, 533 (1955)Google Scholar, affirmed by the New York Court of Appeals, 4 N.Y. 2d 488, 176 N.Y.S. 2d 339, 151 N.E.2d 881 (1958).

158. Eggermont v. Central Sur. & Ins. Co., 236 Iowa 197, 17 N.W.2d 840 (1945)Google Scholar; Williams v. Steamship Mut. Underwriting Ass'n, 45 Wash, 2d 209, 273 P. 2d 803 (1954).Google Scholar

159. Kertson v. Johnson, 185 Minn. 591, 242 N.W. 329 (1932)Google Scholar; Benkett v. Globe Indemnity Co., 182 Miss. 423, 181 So. 316Google Scholar; the latter decision has been overruled by the Supreme Court of Mississippi in McArthur v. Maryland Casualty Co., 184 Miss. 663, 186 So. 305 (1939)Google Scholar, where the Louisiana direct action statute has been characterized as “remedial”; for criticism see Hancock, Torts 342 and a Rabel, , The Conflict of Laws 264.Google Scholar

160. Compare Trib. gr. inst. Seine 13.3.1963, 52 (1963) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 573 w. comment Batiffol.

161. See supra note 8.

162. See supra notes 84–90.

163. Swiss Motor Vehicle Code, art. 85 II (12 19, 1959, A.S. 1959, 1299).Google Scholar

164. See supra note 115.

165. Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc., 9 N.Y.2d 34, 211 N.Y.S. ad 133, 172 N.E. 2d 526 (1961).Google Scholar

166. Babcock v. Jackson, 12 N.Y. 2d 473, 191 N.E. 2d 279, 240 N.Y.S. 2d 743 (1963).Google Scholar

167. See supra notes 119–134.

168. See supra notes 150–159.

169. For a detailed analysis of various problems in the field of modern enterprise liability see Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 568–597.Google Scholar

170. See Buckey v. Buckey, 203 Wis. 248, 234 N.W. 342 (1931)Google Scholar; Dawson v. Dawson, 224 Ala. 13, 138 So. 414 (1931)Google Scholar; Gray v. Gray, 87 N.H. 82, 174 Atl. 508 (1934)Google Scholar; Darian v. McGrath, 10 N.W. 2d 403 (Minn. 1943).Google Scholar

171. Emery v. Emery, 45 Gal. 2d 421, 289 P. 2d 218 (1955).Google Scholar

172. Haumschild v. Continental Casualty Company, 7 Wis. 2d 130, 95 N.W. 2d 814 (1959).Google Scholar

173. Restatement (Second), Conflict of Laws § 390 g (Tent. Draft No. 8, 1963).Google Scholar

174. Grant v. McAuliffe, 41 Gal. 2d 859, 264 P. 2d 944 (1953).Google Scholar

175. Mertz v. Mertz, 271 N.Y. 466, 3 N.E. 2d 597 (1936).Google Scholar

176. See infra IV.

177. On the theoretical basis of the lex loci delicti see especially Batiffol, Traité élémentaire no. 556, p. 603–605Google Scholar; Bourel, , Les conflits de lois 45–53Google Scholar; Delachaux, , Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 103–110Google Scholar; 5 Niboyet, , Droit international privé 146–149Google Scholar; a De Vos, , Conflits de lois no. 715–718, p. 734–740.Google Scholar

177a. Compare the treatment of “state interests” in regard to the applicable law by the United States Supreme Court in typical torts cases: Alaska Packers Association v. Industrial Accident Commission, 294 U.S. 532, 55 S.Ct. 518 (1935)Google Scholar; Pacific Employers Ins. Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission, 306 U.S. 493, 59 S.Ct. 629 (1939).Google Scholar

178. Compare Kegel, , Internationales Privatrecht 38–39Google Scholar; Neuhaus, , Die Grundbegriffe des internationalen Privatrechts (1962) 38–44Google Scholar; Hancock, , Torts 54–61.Google Scholar

179. This is true for France where a foreign judgment will only be recognized if it is based on a substantive law that would be applicable according to the French law of conflict of laws, see Batiffol, , Traité élémentaire no. 753, p. 841.Google Scholar

180. In multiple contact cases this harmony often is disturbed even under the lex loci delicti where the place of wrong may be either the place of acting, the place where the harm occurs, or the residence of either party.

181. See Binder, , supra note 4, 20 (1955)Google ScholarRabelsZ, 401, 470Google Scholar; Delachaux, , Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 110Google Scholar; Rheinstein, , supra note 25, 19Google ScholarTul. L. Rev. 4, 25–28 (1944).Google Scholar

182. Morris, , supra note 29, 64Google ScholarHarv. L. Rev. 881, 895Google Scholar; Reese, , Conflict of Laws and the Restatement Second, 28Google ScholarLaw & Contemp. Prob. 679, 699 (1963).Google Scholar

183. Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc., 9 N.Y. ad 34, 39, 211 N.Y.S. 2d 133, 135, 172 N.E. 2d 526, 537Google Scholar. See also Babcock v. Jackson, 12 N.Y. ad 473, 483, 191 N.E. 2d 379, 284, 240 N.Y.S. 2d 743, 751 (1963)Google Scholar where the same court used the fact of insurance in New York as a criterion to determine the “center of gravity.”

184. Compare Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 570, 593, 597.Google Scholar

185. Compare Batiffol, , Traité élémentaire 604Google Scholar; Niboyet, comment on Cass. 25.5.1948, Sirey 1949.1.31; Savatier, , Cours de droit international privé (and ed. 1953) no. 290, p. 213.Google Scholar

186. Thus Delachaux, , Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 110.Google Scholar

187. Restatement (Second), Conflict of Laws § 379Google Scholar, comment b (Tent. Draft No. 8, 1963).

188. See supra III, 1.

189. Compare Cavers, , supra note 40, 357Google Scholar; Morris, , supra note 29, 64Google ScholarHarv. L. Rev. 881, 887Google Scholar; Reese, , supra note 38, 63Google ScholarColum. L. Rev. 1251, 1254.Google Scholar

190. Ehrenzweig, , supra note 20, 36Google ScholarMinn. L. Rev. 1, 2.Google Scholar

191. This flexibility is claimed to be an advantage by Morris, , supra note 29, 64Google Scholar. Harv. L. Rev. 881, 882Google Scholar; Reese, , The Ever Changing Rules of Choice of Law, 1962Google ScholarNederl. Tijdschr. Int. R. 389, 392.Google Scholar

192. Ehrenzweig, , supra note 40, 28Google ScholarLaw & Contemp. Prob. 700, 705Google Scholar; Morris, , supra note 29, 64Google ScholarHarv. L. Rev. 881, 884.Google Scholar

193. See Currie, , supra note 31, 1963Google ScholarDuke, L. J. 1, 31–52Google Scholar, analyzing Judge Fuld's opinion in Haag v. Barnes, 9 N.Y. 2d 554, 175 N.W. 2d 441, 216 N.Y.S. 2d 65 (1961).

194. Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 541Google Scholar; Ehrenzweig, , supra note 40, 28Google ScholarLaw & Contemp. Prob. 700, 704.Google Scholar

195. See supra notes 9, 13–16, 22.

196. Waechter, , supra note 10, 24 (1841)Google ScholarArch. civ. Pr. 230, 25 (1842)Google ScholarArch, civ. Pr. 361.Google Scholar

197. 8 Savigny, System des heutigen Römischen Rechts (1849) 278.

198. 3 Mazeaud-Tunc, Traité théorique et pratique no. 2239–2242.2, p. 362–370; Mazeaud, , supra note 10, 29 (1934)Google Scholar Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 377–402.

199. Drion, , supra note 8, 1949 R. M. Themis 3–66.Google Scholar

200. Id., 1949 R. M. Themis 3, 58.

201. Id., 1949 R. M. Themis 3, 58.

202. Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 352.Google Scholar

203. Id., 352.

204. See e.g.: France: Cass. 31.3.1875, 3 (1876) Clunet 272; Cour d'appel de Paris, 24.2.1958, 86 (1959) Clunet 152; Batiffol, Traité élémentaire no. 698, p. 755.

Germany: BGH 13.7.1954, 14 BGHZ 286, 289; BGH 24.7.1957, LM BGB § 12 no. 18, p. 5; OLG Hamburg 5.6.1955, 1956 MDR 98; Kegel, , Internationales Privatrecht 341.Google Scholar

Luxembourg: for citations see Bernecker, , supra note 4, 27 (1962)Google ScholarRabelsZ, 263, 317, note 439.Google Scholar

In the Netherlands this will be true only for motor vehicle accidents, compare Wet aansprakelijkheids-verzekering motorrijtuigen 1963, art. 7, to come into force January 1st, 1965.

For Switzerland see 2 Schnitzer, Handbuch 713.

205. This is recognized in all western European countries; as an example see Cour d'appel de Paris 17.10.1960, Dalloz 1961, Sommaire 36.

206. On the distinction between the different issues of international competence and choice of law see especially Kegel, , Internationales Privatrecht 374.Google Scholar

207. Compare the general provisions in France, Belgium and Luxembourg (art. 14, 15 C.c.) under which the courts of these countries have international competence if one of the parties is a citizen of the forum's country. These regulations of the international competence do not supply any criterion to restrict the international competence in order to justify the application of the lex fori.

208. For the distinction of jurisdiction in rem and jurisdiction in personam see Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 76.Google Scholar

209. Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1877).Google Scholar

210. See e.g. Flexner v. Farson, 248 U.S. 289, 39 S.Ct. 97 (1919)Google Scholar; Hess v. Pawlowski, 274 U.S. 352, 47 S.Ct. 632 (1927).Google Scholar

211. Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 88.Google Scholar

212. Citations see supra notes 209, 210.

213. Restatement § 77.

214. 1 Beale, , Conflict of Laws 339–340Google Scholar; Goodrich, , Conflict of Laws 189Google Scholar; Leflar, , Conflict of Laws 44Google Scholar; Stumberg, , Conflict of Laws 69.Google Scholar

215. For an enumeration of these exceptions see Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 89–92.Google Scholar

216. See Ehrenzweig, The Transient Rule of Personal Jurisdiction: The “Power” Myth and Forum Conveniens, 65 Yale L.J. 289–314 (1956); Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 77–79Google Scholar; Schlesinger, Methods of Progress in Conflict of Laws: Some Comments on Ehrenzweig, 's Treatment of “Transient” Jurisdiction, 9 J. Pub. L. 313–327.Google Scholar

217. Compare Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 106Google Scholar; Stumberg, , Conflict of Laws 69–70.Google Scholar

218. International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 324, 66 S.Ct. 154 (1945).Google Scholar

219. McGee v. International Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S. 220, 223, 77 S. Ct. 239 (1957).Google Scholar

220. Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 120.Google Scholar

221. Ehrenzweig, , supra note 216, 65Google Scholar Yale L.J. 289, 312–314; Schlesinger, , supra note 216, 9Google Scholar J. Pub. L. 313, 317–318.

222. Compare Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 78 S.Ct. 1228 (1958).Google Scholar

223. See Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 313–315, 325.Google Scholar

224. Hughes v. Fetter, 341 U.S. 609, 71 S.Ct. 980 (1951).Google Scholar

225. Id., 341 U.S. 609, 612, footnote 10, 71 S.Ct. 980 (1951).

226. See the analysis of the laws of divorce, support, children's custody and annulment in Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 235–305.Google Scholar

227. See supra the chapters II, 1 b, 2 b, 3 b, 4 b.

228. Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc., 9 N.Y. 2d 34, 211 N.Y.S. 2d 133, 172 N.B. 2d 526.Google Scholar

229. See supra III, 1 b.

230. Supra note 8.

231. Supra notes 8, 84–90.

232. Delachaux, , Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 117Google Scholar; this exception of the general rule has also been rejected by Batiffol, comment on Cass. 25.5.1948, 38 (1949) Rev. crit. dr. i. pr. 91, 92 and 2 Rabel, The Conflict of Laws 245–246; approving the exception in general Kegel in 5 Soergel-Siebert, Art. 12, no. 24, p. 704.

233. In general see Batiffol, Traité élémentaire no. 382, 383, p. 436–4.38; Batiffol, Une évolution possible de la conception du statut personnel dans l'Europe continentale, XXth Century Comparative and Conflicts Law, Legal Essays in Honor of Hessel Yntema, E. (1961) 295–306Google Scholar; Batiffol, Le droit international privé français est-il fidèle à la loi nationale? Hommage d'une génération de juristes au Président Basdevant, (1960) 22–34Google Scholar; Braga, , Staatsangehörigkeitsprinzip oder Wohnsitzprinzip (1954)Google Scholar; Kegel, , Internationales Privatrecht 150–155Google Scholar; 1 Rabel, The Conflict of Laws 161–172; De Winter, Le principe de la nationalité s'effrite-t-il peu à peu? in Kollewijn-Offerhaus, Legum, De Conflictu (1962) 514–528.Google Scholar

234. Compare 1 Rabel, The Conflict of Laws 121–123 enumerating the countries that have adopted the test of citizenship for the choice of the personal law.

235. Binder, , supra note 4, 20 (1955)Google ScholarRabekZ, 401, 478–499.Google Scholar

236. Compare Delachaux, , Die Anknüpfung der Obligationen 72–73, 92, 105Google Scholar, note 11 and Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 541, note 1.Google Scholar

237. Strömholm, , Torts in the Conflict of Laws 46.Google Scholar

238. Ehrenzweig, , Treatise 548, 570Google Scholar; Ehrenzweig, , supra note 20, 36Google ScholarMinn. L. Rev. 1, 3.Google Scholar

239. Compare supra II, 5; see also Cavers, , supra note 40, 358Google Scholar emphasizing the choice of “competing rules of law”; Morris, , supra note 29, 64Google ScholarHarv. L. Rev. 881, 892 raising numerous conflict issues.Google Scholar

240. Cook, , The Logical and Legal Bases 345.Google Scholar

241. Kegel, , Internationales Privatrecht 33.Google Scholar

242. Citations see supra notes 27–31, 36.

243. Compare the historical survey of the recent developments by Kegel, , Internationales Privatrecht 62–68.Google Scholar

244. See Kegel, , Internationales Privatrecht 33–35Google Scholar distinguishing the questions of private international and substantive law justice.

245. A substantive law solution is also suggested by Steindorff, Sachnormen im internationalen Privatrecht 189–191.

246. See supra III, 1.Google Scholar

247. For the purpose of this paper “domicile” shall not only be restricted to the meaning of this term under the English and American common law.

248. Compare supra note 234.

249. In general see 2 Rabel, The Conflict of Laws 336–355.

250. “Principle place of business” shall stand for the usual connecting factors determining the personal law of corporations (e.g. siège social, Sitz der Hauptverwaltung).