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Multilateral Conventions in the Conflicts Field: An Historical Sketch

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2009

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Extract

The centenary of the Institut de Droit International and the International Law Association furnishes a proper occasion for a look back at the spread of use in modern times of interstate and international multilateral agreements for the settlement of issues in conflict of laws and conflict of jurisdictions. No “History” has as yet been written. As a tribute to those who had the vision of possibilities and the perseverance to make them come true, this collection of relevant data is presented. Production of a “History”, it is hoped, will be facilitated. While the data collected suggest some obvious conclusions with respect to the use of multilateral conventions in the field, the full story is needed to evaluate accomplishments and assess further possibilities.

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Articles
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Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 1972

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References

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61. “The Institute recognizes the obvious usefulness and, for certain matters, even necessity of treaties by which the civilized States adopt by common agreement binding uniform rules of private international law according to which the public authorities and, especially, the courts of contracting States shall decide questions concerning persons, property, acts, succession, procedure, and foreign judgments”. 6 Revue 582 (proposal), 610 (approval) (1874).

61a. Proposal as adopted: “It would be useful to establish by international treaties uniform rules concerning

(1) the basis and the limits of the jurisdiction of the courts,

(2) the form of procedure in order (a) to decide which law shall govern these forms in dubious cases, (b) to clarify the principles of international law with regards to means of proof, (c) to regulate the form of complaints and other writs to be served upon persons domiciled or residing abroad,

(3) the execution of foreign judgments on the basis of treaties in which guarantees and conditions would be stipulated for the grant of pareatis.” 6 Revue 584 (proposal), 610–611 (as adopted) (1874).

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63. “The Institute is of opinion that the best means of attaining this end is for the Institue itself to prepare drafts of such treaties, be they general or concern special matters and, in particular, conflicts involving marriage and succession, as well as enforcement of foreign judgments. These drafts of treaties could serve as basis for official negotiations and the final drafting which would be entrusted to a conference of jurisconsults and specialists delegated by the different States or at least some of them, with the grant in the latter case to the other States for matters with respect to which this system can without inconvenience be adopted of the possibility of acceding to the treaties thereafter.

These treaties should not impose upon the contracting States complete uniformity of their codes or statutes, with they could not even do without creating an obstacle to the progress of civilization. But, without touching upon legislative independence, these treaties could determine in advance which among the legislations that might be in conflict should apply to the legal relations concerned. This determination thus would be withdrawn from the sometimes irreconcilable legislations of the various peoples, the dangerous influence of the national interests and prejudices, and the uncertainties of the decisional law and legal science itself.” 6 Revue 607–608, and references in note 62, supra.

64. See Record in 6 Revue 585 at 607 (1874).

65. At 610.

66. For the celebration of the centenary of the Société see 21 Revue internationale de droit comparé 305 et seq. (1969).

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69. For information on the Ecole Libre see Pradier-Fodéré, Avant-Propos, supra note 59, at XLI.

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73. Id. at 111.

74. At 119.

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78. See 4 Cong. Rec. 1968 (1876). Cf. 13 Albany L. J. 239 (1876).Google Scholar

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83. Text of Nov. 12, 1878 Report in 2 Congresos, supra note 67, at 308; also in Documenti diplomatici, infra note 102.

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86. Statement in Second Chamber, Nov. 27, 1874. See 6 Journal 369, n. 1 (1879).

87. Text with Guidelines: 1 Journal 220–239, 285–304 (1874), 7 Revue 329–361 (1875).

88. Text in 7 Revue 364–416 (1875).

89. Text in 1 Annuaire 125 (1877); also in Tableau Général, supra note 62, at 365 (No. 132).

90. Text in 3–4 Annuaire, , Vol. I, 88 (18791880)Google Scholar; also in Tableau Général, supra note 62, at 368 (No. 134).

91. See 6 Journal 369 (1879).

92. At 382.

93. Asser, supra note 19, at 15.

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100. Instructions with Memorandum in Italy, Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Documenti diplomatici presentati alla Camera dal Ministro degli Affari Esteri (Mancini) con lettera in data 28 guigno 1885, (hereafter: Documenti diplomatici) No. 1 (Rome 1885), (reprinted in 16 G. Fr. de Martens, Nouveau Recueil Général des Traités (2d ed. 89 (1891); also in 13 Journal 35, 36–40 (1886).

101. (101) Documenti diplomatici, No. 23; cf. No. 37 (Mancini's reply).

102. Id., No. 54, and Appendix D (page 197).

103. See 6 Annuaire 75 (1883).

104. Documenti diplomatici, No. 34, and Appendix A (page 167); also in 13 Journal 40–52 (1886).

105. See the Association's Report of the 11th, Milan 1883, Conference 188, 193 (1884).

105a. See remark in Instructions of June 28, 1885, Documenti diplomatici, No. 167; also in 13 Journal 53–56 (1886).

106. Documenti diplomatici, No. 74; cf. No. 73 (Turin Resolution).

107. Germany had enacted the reciprocity requirement (absent in the early drafts). See Bar, L. v., Theory and Practice of Private International Law § 456, at 977Google Scholar, n. 107 (Gillespie transl. 1892). Cf. 2 C. Hahn, , Materialien zur deutschen ZPO 887–90 (1880) (June 8, 1875 Committee meeting).Google Scholar

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109. Id., No. 163.

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115. Id. at 23–336.

116. Protocol of Feb. 20, 1888; see id. at 1–19.

117. Id. at 19–22.

118. Actas y Tratados delebrados por el Congreso Internacional Sud-Americano de Montevideo (Montevideo ed. 1911). Cf. Segovia, L., El Derecho Internacional Privado y el Congreso Sud-Americano de Montevideo (Buenos Aires 1889)Google Scholar (text at 191 et seq.); Alfonsín, Quintin, Curso de Derecho Privado Internacional 278281 (1955).Google Scholar

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120. See Castilla, Caicedo, supra note 84, at 24.Google Scholar

121. See Eder, Ph., American-Colombian Private International Law 15 (1956).Google Scholar

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123. See Valladão, , The Influence of Joseph Story on Latin American Rules of Conflict of Laws, 3 Am. J. Comp. L. 27, 40 (1954).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

124. See Nadelmann, , Bankruptcy Treaties 93 U. Pa. L. Rev. 58, 6970 (1944)Google Scholar; Nadelmann, K. H., supra note 4, at 299, 310311.Google Scholar

125. See 1 International American Conference, Reports of Committees and Discussions Thereon 2 id. at 876.

126. 2 id. at 907–28; also in Prince, A., Le Congrès des Trois Amériques 18891890 685, 697721 (Paris 1891).Google Scholar Parts are reproduced in Nadelmann, supra note 75, at 330–31.

127. 2 id. at 876–906.

128. Pradier-Fodéré, , Le Congrès de droit international sud-américain et les Traités de Montevideo, 21 Revue 217–37; 561–77 (1889).Google Scholar Text of Treaties also in 23 Journal 440 (1896), 24 id. 895 (1897). Cf. 6 Calvo, Carlos, Droit International 9395 (5th ed. 1896).Google Scholar

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134. Jitta, D. J., La Méthode du Droit International Privé 453 (1890).Google Scholar

135. Art. 412.

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138. Pressure for the conference in Italy was maintained from Italian side in the Association for the Progress of the Law of Nations. See Report of the 15th Congress, Genoa, Oct. 1892, 52, 169 (Gabba, De Rossi).

139. See Asser, , supra note 137, at 528.Google Scholar Cf. van Hoogstraten, , The United Kingdom Joins an Uncommon Market: The Hague Conference on Private International Law, 12 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 148, 150 (1963).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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141. Belgian draft with comments in 18 Revue 442–501 (1886).

142. See Actes, supra note 140, at 19.

143. At 27, 29–30.

144. At 31. Cf. Offerhaus, , La Conférence de La Haye de Droit International Privé, in 16 [1959] Annuaire Suisse de Droit International 27, 29 (1960).Google Scholar

145. At 32–33.

146. See Actes de la deuxième Conférence de dr. int. pr. 5 (1894).Google Scholar

147. See Actes de la troisième Conférence de dr. int. pr. 71 (1900).Google Scholar

148. See Actes de la quatrième Conférence de dr. int. pr. xiii (1904).Google Scholar

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The “five year rule” exception of the “Niboyet” draft does not reappear in the “third” French draft of a Law on Private International Law produced by a new committee with Professor Batiffol as principal draftsman. Text in Nadelmann, & von Mehren, , A French Draft of a Law on Private International Law, 18 Am. J. Comp. L. 614 (1970) (art. 2290)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Cf. 2 Batiffol, H., Droit International Privé 510 (5th ed. with P. Lagarde).Google Scholar

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337. Permanency had been recommended by Asser as early as 1902 in a report to the Institut de Droit International. See 19 Annuaire 338, 345 (1902).

338. 220 U.N.T.S. 121; T.I.A.S. No. 5710 (1964); 60 Am. J. Int'l L. 461 (1966).

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373. T.I.A.S. No. 6997. See Aksen, , American Arbitration Accession Arrives in the Age of Aquarius: United States Implements U.N. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, in New Strategies for Peaceful Resolution of International Business Disputes 37Google Scholar (Am. Arb. Ass'n ed. 1971).

374. Cf. Domke, , supra note 372, at 579.Google Scholar

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379. See Hay, , Preface to The International Unification of Law—Symposium, 16 Am. J. Comp. L. 13 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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381. Agreement of December 13, 1955, Conférence de la Haye de Droit International Privé, Documents relatifs à la huitième [1956] session 228.

382. See annual reports in the Rome Institute Unification of Law Year-Book.

383. See references supra note 380. For ratifications see Council of Europe, Directorate of Legal Affairs, Status of Signatures and Ratifications of Convention (1971); Check-List of Treaty Series—1: Council of Europe, 20 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 775 (1971).

384. See Nadelmann, , Introducing the Forum on “The United States and International Unification of Law”, 15 Am. J. Comp. L. 622, 626 (1967).Google Scholar

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385. Convention of Nov. 4, 1960, 213 U.N.T.S. 222; 1 Council of Europe, European Conventions and Agreements 1949–1961 f. 21 (1971). See Manual of the Council, supra note 380, at 261; Buergenthal, , Human Rights: The European Convention and its National Application—Some Introductory Observations, 18 Am. J. Comp. L. 233 (1970).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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387. Started by a Protocol of Sept. 25, 1950. The current members are Austria, Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Turkey. Agreement with Council of Europe of Oct. 28, 1955.

388. Text in French in [1967–68] Unification of Law Year-Book, Vol. I, 310; Conférence de La Haye de Droit International Privé, Actes et Documents de la onzième—1968—session, Vol. II: Divorce 86 (1970).

389. See van Damme, Benelux and its Relationship with EEC, in Legal Problems of an Enlarged European Community 182 (1972).

389a. See Limpens, J. & Limpens, A., Problèmes actuels du rapprochement régional des droit nationaux: Expérience Benelux et considérations générales, 46 Revue de droit international et de droit comparé 217 (Belgium 1969)Google Scholar. Benelux Checklist of Treaty Series, 21 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 189 (1972).

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391. Transl, in 18 Am. J. Comp. L. 420 (1970). See Nadelmann, , The Benelux Convention on Private International Law, 18Google Scholarid. at 406 (1970).

392. Nadelmann at 414.

393. [1961] Tractatenblad No. 163 (Netherlands); Moniteur Belge, Nov. 28, 1963.

394. Treaty of Rome, March 25, 1957, art. 220, 298 U.N.T.S. 87, 51 Am. J. Int'l L. 930 (1957).

395. Text in [1969] Unification of Law Year-Book 210. See Goldman, , The Convention on the Mutual Recognition of Companies and Legal Persons, 6 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 104 (1968).Google Scholar

396. French text in 7 Revue trimestrielle de droit européen 215 (1951). Transl, in 2 CCH Common Mkt. Rep. § 6003 (1968). See Hay, , The Common Market Preliminary Draft Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments, 16 Am. J. Comp. L. 149 (1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Newman, Jurisdiction and Recognition of Judgments in the European Economic Community, in Legal Problems, supra note 389, at 58.

396a. Protocols signed in Luxemburg, June 3, 1971, 98 Journal 803 (1971) (Judgments), 7 Revue trimestrielle de droit européen 862 (Corporations), 865 (Judgments) (1971). See Communautés Européennes, Cinquième Rapport Général sur l'activité des Communautés 1971 473 (1972).

397. French text in Les Problèmes internationaux de la faillite et le Marché Commun 263 (Padova 1971). Discussed in Nadelmann, The Common Market Bankruptcy Convention Draft: Foreign Assets and Related Problems, in Nadelmann, K. H., supra note 4, at 340Google Scholar. And see Ganshof, , L'élaboration d'un droit européen de la faillite dans le cadre de la C.E.E., 7 Cahiers de droit européen 145 (1971).Google Scholar

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399. See H.R. 16175, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. (1970); transl, in 6 Cahiers de droit européen 353 (1970). Cf. Homburger, , Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments—An Addendum, 18 Am. J. Comp. L. 840 (1970).Google Scholar

400. Treaty of Sept. 27, 1968, supra note 396, art. 59. See G. Droz. Compétence judiciaire et effets des jugements dans le Marché Commun 433 (1972).

401. Treaty, art. 63. See Nadelmann, , Book Review (Droz), 66 Am. J. Int'l L. 887, 890 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

402. See European Communities, Commission, Fourth General Report on the Activities of the Communities 61 (§ 71) (1970).

402a. Statement reproduced in 21 Am. J. Comp. L. 136, 138, note (1973).

403. See Final Act, C: Decisions, 1 (d), 21 Am. J. Comp. L. 136, 163 (1973).

404. C: Decisions, 1 (e), id.

405. See, notably, 1972 draft Convention on the International Administration of Estates of Deceased Persons, art. 3 (five years habitual residence), art. 4 (professio juris), 3 Final Act, A I, 21 Am. J. Comp. L. 139, 141 (1973).