Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:55:41.939Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Hungarians in Romania Since 1989

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Andrew Bell
Andrew Bell*
Affiliation:
Boston University, Boston, MA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The fate of the Hungarian minority in Romania is closely linked to the political situation in that country, its economic development, and its geopolitical location. This was the case before 1989 and remains so today. On the other hand, the Hungarians of Romania are an important factor affecting the internal and the external political relations of the country. This was dramatically confirmed by the revolution of 1989 which had been triggered by ethnic unrest. This study will focus on major political and economic developments from December 1989 until December 1993, analyzing them in terms of their impact on the Hungarian minority.

Type
II Hungary and Hungarian Minorities
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 24 , Issue 3 , September 1996 , pp. 491 - 507
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 Association for the Study of Nationalities of Eastern Europe and ex-USSR, Inc. 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Helsinki Watch Committee, Struggling for Ethnic Identity. Ethnic Hungarians in post-Ceauşescu Romania (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993), p. 6.Google Scholar

2. Illyes, Elemer, National Minorities in Romania: Change in Transylvania (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1982), p. 33.Google Scholar

3. Ibid. Google Scholar

4. Rudolf Joó and Andrew Ludanyi, eds, The Hungarian Minority's Situation in Ceausescu's Romania (Boulder, Colorado: Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc., 1994), p. 32.Google Scholar

5. , Illyes, op. cit., p. 68.Google Scholar

6. Szekfu, Jules, Etat et Nation (Paris: Les presses universitaires de France, 1945), p. 157.Google Scholar

7. Ibid., p. 162.Google Scholar

8. Ibid., p. 159.Google Scholar

9. Ibid., p. 172.Google Scholar

10. Niederhauser, Emil, “The National Question in Hungary,” in Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter, eds, The National Question in Europe in Historical Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 258.Google Scholar

11. , Illyes, op. cit., p. 56.Google Scholar

12. Joó and Ludanyi, op. cit., p. 101.Google Scholar

13. Ibid., p. 69.Google Scholar

14. The Hungarian Human Rights Foundation (HHRF), New York, Release of 18 October, 1993, p. 16.Google Scholar

15. The Keesing Report, 1987, p. 35845.Google Scholar

16. , Keesings, 1989, p. 36620.Google Scholar

17. Ibid., 1989, p. 36621.Google Scholar

18. Ibid., 1989, p. 36620.Google Scholar

19. Ibid. Google Scholar

20. Ibid., 1989, p. 37104.Google Scholar

21. Ibid., 1989, p. 37105.Google Scholar

22. , Keesings, 1990, p. 37191.Google Scholar

23. Ibid., 1990, p. 37251-52.Google Scholar

24. Ibid., 1990, p. 37442.Google Scholar

25. Ibid., 1990, p. 37545.Google Scholar

26. Ibid., 1990, p. 37922.Google Scholar

27. , Keesings, 1991, p. 38450.Google Scholar

28. , Keesings, 1992, p. 38777.Google Scholar

29. Ibid., 1992, p. 38881.Google Scholar

30. Ibid., 1992, p. 39104.Google Scholar

31. , Keesings, 1990, p. 37866.Google Scholar

32. , Keesings, 1991, p. 38450.Google Scholar

33. , Keesings, 1990, p. 37327.Google Scholar

34. Watch, Helsinki, op. cit., pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

35. , Keesings, 1991, p. 38490.Google Scholar

36. Financial Times, 22 November 1991.Google Scholar

37. , Keesings, 1992, p. 38778.Google Scholar

38. Watch, Helsinki, op. cit., p. 58.Google Scholar

39. , Keesings, 1992, p. 38922.Google Scholar

40. Watch, Helsinki, op. cit., p. 94.Google Scholar

41. , Keesings, 1993, p. 39378.Google Scholar

42. Ibid., 1993, p. 39566.Google Scholar

43. , Keesings, 1992, p. 38882.Google Scholar

44. , Keesings, 1993, pp. 39647, 39699.Google Scholar

45. , Keesings, 1992, p. 39062.Google Scholar

46. , Keesings, 1991, p. 38450.Google Scholar

47. Ibid., 1991, p. 38490.Google Scholar

48. , HHRF, Release of 18 October 1993, p. 1.Google Scholar

49. Ibid., p. 2.Google Scholar

50. , HHRF, Rumania's Policies and Practices Toward National Minorities, Summary for the Geneva Meeting of Experts on National Minorities of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1-19 June 1991 (“Geneva Meeting”), p. 12.Google Scholar

51. , HHRF, Release of 18 October, 1993, p. 15.Google Scholar

52. , HHRF, Summary for the Geneva Meeting, p. 3.Google Scholar

53. Ibid., pp. 4–5.Google Scholar

54. Ibid., p. 10.Google Scholar

55. , HHRF, Release of 24 September, 1993, pp. 5–6.Google Scholar

56. Ibid., pp. 5–7.Google Scholar

57. , HHRF, International Protection of National Minorities. An Imperative for the Hungarians of Rumania, Memorandum for the Copenhagen Meeting on the Human Dimension of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 5–29 June 1990, pp. 1 and 3.Google Scholar

58. , HHRF, Release of 24 September, 1993, p. 9.Google Scholar

59. , HHRF, Release of 18 October, 1993, p. 14.Google Scholar

60. Watch, Helsinki, p. 6.Google Scholar

61. , HHRF, Memorandum for the Copenhagen Meeting, p. 18.Google Scholar