Article contents
The Hungarians in Romania Since 1989
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2018
Extract
The fate of the Hungarian minority in Romania is closely linked to the political situation in that country, its economic development, and its geopolitical location. This was the case before 1989 and remains so today. On the other hand, the Hungarians of Romania are an important factor affecting the internal and the external political relations of the country. This was dramatically confirmed by the revolution of 1989 which had been triggered by ethnic unrest. This study will focus on major political and economic developments from December 1989 until December 1993, analyzing them in terms of their impact on the Hungarian minority.
- Type
- II Hungary and Hungarian Minorities
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © 1996 Association for the Study of Nationalities of Eastern Europe and ex-USSR, Inc.
References
Notes
1. Helsinki Watch Committee, Struggling for Ethnic Identity. Ethnic Hungarians in post-Ceauşescu Romania (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993), p. 6.Google Scholar
2. Illyes, Elemer, National Minorities in Romania: Change in Transylvania (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1982), p. 33.Google Scholar
3. Ibid. Google Scholar
4. Rudolf Joó and Andrew Ludanyi, eds, The Hungarian Minority's Situation in Ceausescu's Romania (Boulder, Colorado: Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc., 1994), p. 32.Google Scholar
5. , Illyes, op. cit., p. 68.Google Scholar
6. Szekfu, Jules, Etat et Nation (Paris: Les presses universitaires de France, 1945), p. 157.Google Scholar
7. Ibid., p. 162.Google Scholar
8. Ibid., p. 159.Google Scholar
9. Ibid., p. 172.Google Scholar
10. Niederhauser, Emil, “The National Question in Hungary,” in Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter, eds, The National Question in Europe in Historical Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 258.Google Scholar
11. , Illyes, op. cit., p. 56.Google Scholar
12. Joó and Ludanyi, op. cit., p. 101.Google Scholar
13. Ibid., p. 69.Google Scholar
14. The Hungarian Human Rights Foundation (HHRF), New York, Release of 18 October, 1993, p. 16.Google Scholar
15. The Keesing Report, 1987, p. 35845.Google Scholar
16. , Keesings, 1989, p. 36620.Google Scholar
17. Ibid., 1989, p. 36621.Google Scholar
18. Ibid., 1989, p. 36620.Google Scholar
19. Ibid. Google Scholar
20. Ibid., 1989, p. 37104.Google Scholar
21. Ibid., 1989, p. 37105.Google Scholar
22. , Keesings, 1990, p. 37191.Google Scholar
23. Ibid., 1990, p. 37251-52.Google Scholar
24. Ibid., 1990, p. 37442.Google Scholar
25. Ibid., 1990, p. 37545.Google Scholar
26. Ibid., 1990, p. 37922.Google Scholar
27. , Keesings, 1991, p. 38450.Google Scholar
28. , Keesings, 1992, p. 38777.Google Scholar
29. Ibid., 1992, p. 38881.Google Scholar
30. Ibid., 1992, p. 39104.Google Scholar
31. , Keesings, 1990, p. 37866.Google Scholar
32. , Keesings, 1991, p. 38450.Google Scholar
33. , Keesings, 1990, p. 37327.Google Scholar
34. Watch, Helsinki, op. cit., pp. 14–15.Google Scholar
35. , Keesings, 1991, p. 38490.Google Scholar
36. Financial Times, 22 November 1991.Google Scholar
37. , Keesings, 1992, p. 38778.Google Scholar
38. Watch, Helsinki, op. cit., p. 58.Google Scholar
39. , Keesings, 1992, p. 38922.Google Scholar
40. Watch, Helsinki, op. cit., p. 94.Google Scholar
41. , Keesings, 1993, p. 39378.Google Scholar
42. Ibid., 1993, p. 39566.Google Scholar
43. , Keesings, 1992, p. 38882.Google Scholar
44. , Keesings, 1993, pp. 39647, 39699.Google Scholar
45. , Keesings, 1992, p. 39062.Google Scholar
46. , Keesings, 1991, p. 38450.Google Scholar
47. Ibid., 1991, p. 38490.Google Scholar
48. , HHRF, Release of 18 October 1993, p. 1.Google Scholar
49. Ibid., p. 2.Google Scholar
50. , HHRF, Rumania's Policies and Practices Toward National Minorities, Summary for the Geneva Meeting of Experts on National Minorities of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1-19 June 1991 (“Geneva Meeting”), p. 12.Google Scholar
51. , HHRF, Release of 18 October, 1993, p. 15.Google Scholar
52. , HHRF, Summary for the Geneva Meeting, p. 3.Google Scholar
53. Ibid., pp. 4–5.Google Scholar
54. Ibid., p. 10.Google Scholar
55. , HHRF, Release of 24 September, 1993, pp. 5–6.Google Scholar
56. Ibid., pp. 5–7.Google Scholar
57. , HHRF, International Protection of National Minorities. An Imperative for the Hungarians of Rumania, Memorandum for the Copenhagen Meeting on the Human Dimension of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 5–29 June 1990, pp. 1 and 3.Google Scholar
58. , HHRF, Release of 24 September, 1993, p. 9.Google Scholar
59. , HHRF, Release of 18 October, 1993, p. 14.Google Scholar
60. Watch, Helsinki, p. 6.Google Scholar
61. , HHRF, Memorandum for the Copenhagen Meeting, p. 18.Google Scholar
- 2
- Cited by