In the first part of this paper, tests were described for determining which points of any line in a Galois plane II of order q2 are to be transferred to the conjugate line in order to transmute II into the corresponding Hughes plane Ω. In this part of the paper the tests are refined to provide, in relation to some fixed point in the central subplane δ0 of Ω (i) a simple geometrical condition of transfer for a certain set of ½q(q2−1) points of II and (ii) a simple aglebraic condition for the remaining points of II – δ0. These tests eliminate from the computation (for a given value of q) the necessity of calculating the third coordinates of ½q2 (q2−1) points in order to determine which are not-squares.

There are two natural ways in which to attempt a classification of the lattices which occur in crystallography or, more generally, of n-dimensional lattices. The first method is algebraic and proceeds by classifying the symmetry groups of the lattices. Thus an n-dimensional lattice is a discrete subgroup

of Rn and determines a symmetry group

which is a subgroup of the orthogonal group On. Two lattices T1 and T2 are said to determine the same crystal system if the symmetry groups G(T1) and G(T2) are conjugate: that is there exists a linear isomorphism ø: Rn → Rn such that

1. Introduction. 1.1 In (5), (6) and (7) I have catalogued the classes of involutions of the orthogonal, symplectic and unitary groups over perfect fields of characteristic 2. So, too, were obtained the involution classes of the well-known relatives of these groups. For each group the relevant classes have simple and explicit descriptions in terms of the geometry of its setting, and an overall pattern can be seen.

1. Introduction. By a local system for a group G we shall mean a collection Σ of subgroups of G such that for every finite subset of G there is a member of Σ containing it. If is a class of groups G is locally if G has a local system of subgroups.

Let H and K be groups with derived sub groups H´ and K´. Following (5) we say that H and K are orthogonal, and write H ⊥ K, if and only if the tensor product H/H´ ®K/K´ is trivial. If H and K are sub groups of a group we say that H and K permute if and only if HK = KH. We recall finally that the subgroup H of the group G is said to be subnormal in G, written H sn G, if and only if there exists a finite chain of subgroups

connecting H to G.

Introduction. One of the most satisfying theorems in the theory of convex sets states that a closed connected subset of a topological linear space which is locally convex is convex. This was first established in En by Tietze and was later extended by other authors (see (3)) to a topological linear space. A generalization of Tietze's theorem which appears in (2) shows if S is a closed subset of a topological linear space such that the set Q of points of local non-convexity of S is of cardinality n < ∞ and S ~ Q is connected, then S is the union of n + 1 or fewer convex sets. (The case n = 0 is Tietze's theorem.)

Let T(λ) and V(λ) be two polynomial matrices having dimensions l x l and m x l respectively, with T(λ) regular and of degree n and V(λ) of degree at most n – 1. It has recently been shown that a necessary and sufficient condition for T and V to be relatively right prime is that a certain nlm x nl matrix R(T, V) have full rank. It is shown here that if T and V have a greatest common right divisor D(λ), then provided D is regular, its degree k is equal to n – (1/l) rank R. Furthermore, if R˜. denotes the matrix of the first (n – k) lm rows of R, then it is shown that the last (n – k) l columns of R˜ are linearly independent and that the coefficient matrices of D can be obtained by expressing the remaining columns of R˜ in terms of this basis.

Infinitely divisible group representations were first defined by Streater(1) as an important concept closely related to continuous tensor product. Araki(2) analysed the factorizable representations of Lie groups and obtained a generalization of the Levy–Khinchine formula. A similar concept for Lie algebras was defined and studied by Streater in (3). Although the definition is not strictly an infinitesimal analogue of infinitely divisible representations of Lie groups, the results of (3) in the cohomological formulation are very similar to Araki's main theorem. Parthasarathy and Schmidt(4) generalized the concept of infinite divisibifity to the projective representations of locally compact groups and obtained a one-to-one correspondence between infinitely divisible projective representations and 1-co-cycles in the group cohomology with coefficients in a Hubert space. A similar generalization for Lie algebras is studied in the present paper. Infinitely divisible projective representations of Lie algebras are studied by a purely algebraic method, independently of (4) (since not all our projective representations are necessarily integrable). As expected, a one-to-one relation is obtained between the infinitely divisible projective representations and 1-co-cycles in the cohomology on the corresponding enveloping algebra with coefficients in a Hilbert space. The present problem is simpler than the group case since there is no continuity condition on the multiplier in a Lie algebra. A similar algebraic method was used in a discussion of infinitely divisible representations of canonical anticommutation relations (9).

Introduction. This paper gives some embedding and unknotting theorems for bounded manifolds in the PL and differential categories. The theorems are of a similar nature to the embedding and unknotting theorems of Irwin and Zeeman (9, 18), except that the boundaries are allowed to move and the appropriate connectivity conditions become conditions on the relative homotopy groups of the manifolds modulo the boundary, or some suitable part of the boundary.

1. Introduction. It is known (6) that the connectivity conditions on the manifolds in Irwin's embedding theorem (7) can be replaced by a connectivity condition on the map. This has led to the suggestion that in Hudson's analogue of Irwin's theorem for bounded manifolds (5), (6), the connectivity conditions on the manifolds modulo boundary can be replaced by the corresponding connectivity condition on the map modulo boundary. The main purpose of the present note is to show that this is in fact false, as is the formal analogue of Irwin's and Hudson's theorems for manifold triads. Its other purpose is to announce a related embedding theorem for manifolds with boundary which appeared in (3).

Let G be a compact, connected Lie group such that π2(G) is torsion free. Throughout this paper a vector bundle (representation) will mean a complex vector bundle (representation) and KG will denote the equivariant K-theory functor associabed with the group, G.

In this paper, I shall establish the sufficiency of certain conditions on an ideal A of a local ring Q, and on a set {g1 …,gk} of elements of Q generating a proper ideal G, for the ideals A and G to be analytically disjoint. Hence I shall establish an upper bound for the analytic spread of A.

The maximal ideal of Q will be denoted throughout by M, and it will be assumed that the field Q/M is infinite.

Ceder(1) proved (assuming the axiom of choice, as we do throughout this paper) that the Euclidean plane can be partitioned into ℵ0 sets none of which contains an equilateral triangle; indeed he proved that given any denumerable set of triangles, the plane can be partitioned into ℵ0 sets, none containing a triangle similar to one of the given triangles. Erdős and Kakutani(2) proved that the continuum hypothesis implies that the real line can be partitioned into ℵ0, rationally independent sete, and that the existence of such a partition implies the continuum hypothesis. Erdős asked (private communication) whether there is a partition of the plane into ℵ0 sets not containing an isosceles triangle, or more generally in which any four points determine six different distances. Assuming the continuum hypothesis, it will be shown here (Theorem 1) that a, partition of the latter kind does exist. (I communicated this result to Erdős and others some years ago, but subsequently noticed that the argument was incomplete.) Conversely (Theorem 2) the existence of such a partitition, even for the line, implies the continuum hypothesis. This strengthening of the converse half of the Erdős-Kakutani theorem is proved by what is essentially their method (actually in a rather simplified form).

In his book Transversal Theory (4) Mirsky introduces the problem of finding a necessary and sufficient condition in order that a finite family of sets have a unique independent transversal. The purpose of this note is to give one necessary and sufficient condition. More generally, we give a necessary and sufficient condition in order that a common basis of two rank-finite matroids be unique. We then specialize this result to give an answer to the above question.

1. Introduction. We are concerned with measures µ, in the measure algebra M(G) of a locally compact Abelian group G, which have independent (mutually singular) powers. In (6), Williamson showed that the spectrum, σ(µ) of a Hermitian independent power measure µ satisfying ∥µ∥n=∥µn∥ for positive integer n, contains an infinity of points on the real axis. He conjectured that, in fact, σ(µ) is the disc {λ:|λ|≤∥µ∥}. Taylor (5), has recently proved that, in the case G = R, any positive continuous independent power µ has σ(µ) = {λ:|λ|≤∥µ∥}. His methods depend on his deep and beautiful theory of critical points. Here we verify Williamson's conjecture, give an elementary proof of Taylor's result, and give a simple characterization of the class of LCA groups for which the natural generalization is valid.

Let Bk, Mn, Np be manifolds in the category C = Top, Duff or PL. Define Mn and Np to be h-enclosable in Bk if (1) k = n + p + 1, (2) there are C-imbeddings i:Mn ⊆ Bk and j: Np ⊆ Bk with disjoint images and (3) there are de formation retractions of Bk − i(Mn) onto j(Np) and of Bk − j(NP) onto i(Mn). This is expressed as Bk = [Mn, NP/i, j] (mod C). The manifolds are trivially h-enclosable in Bk if, in addition, each manifold has a product tubular neighbourhood in the category C.

In this paper we shall show how combinatorial methods can be applied to the study of maps on orientable surfaces. Our main concern is with maps which possess a certain kind of symmetry, called vertex-transitivity. We show how an extension of the well-known method of Cayley can be used to construct such maps, and we give conditions which suffice for the automorphism groups of these maps to have non trivial vertex-stabilizers. Finally, we investigate the special case when the skeleton of the map is a complete graph; a classical theorem of Frobenius then implies that all vertex-transitive maps are given by our extension of Cayley's construction.

1. Introduction. Let A be a subset of a Hausdorff topological linear space. By a convex series of elements of A we mean a series of the form where an∈A and λn ≥ 0 for each n, and . We say that A is:

(i) CS-closed if it contains the sum of every convergent convex series of its elements;

(ii) CS-compact if every convex series of its elements converges to a point of A (this bold terminology is chosen because sets satisfying this condition turn out to have properties analogous to those of compact sets).

A special type of S1-actions on homotopy spheres is defined and the properties of the fixed point set are studied.

In the contour integral

the functions g( ) and f( ) are analytic functions of their arguments, and N is a large positive parameter. When N tends to ∞, asymptotic expansions can usually be found by the method of steepest descents, which shows that the principal contributions arise from the saddle-points, i.e. the values of z at which ∂f/∂z = 0. The position of the saddle-points varies with the l parameters, denoted by α = (α1,α2,…,αl), and it may happen that two or more saddle-points coincide at a certain value of α. The asymptotic expansions given by the ordinary method of steepest descents are then non-uniform. The case of a single parameter and two nearly coincident saddle- points was studied earlier and leads to Airy functions. Here we are concerned with the case of l parameters and of m saddle-points which are nearly coincident when α is near 0. It is then known that f(z,α) can be transformed locally into a polynomial of degree m + 1, and accordingly we here restrict f(z,α) to be such a polynomial. The form of the resulting asymptotic expansion had already been conjectured (correctly as we now see), and involves certain special functions of m–1 variables. To establish the validity of the expansion we must show that the remainder after any number of terms is of smaller magnitude than the last term retained in the expansion. In other words, we must establish an inequality between integrals which is to hold for sufficiently small α and sufficiently large N, and which involves 1 parameters and m nearly coincident saddle-points.