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Legal protection of human rights: the contemporary Canadian experience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

G.L. Peiris
G.L. Peiris*
Affiliation:
University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Extract

The incorporation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in the Constitution Act, 1982, marks a decisive development in the legal entrenchment of human rights in Canada. This contemporary experiment in the protection of fundamental rights by the constitutional limitation of legislative power, and in particular the social priorities established by the Charter and the delicate balancing of interests and values inherent in its provisions, offer useful insights into the viability of mechanisms associated with an enforceable bill of rights within the framework of a modern federal state. Of even greater interest, in the context of multi-racial and multi-religious communities in the modern Commonwealth, is the recent body of case law in the shaping of which Canadian judges have shown perception in imparting effectiveness to guarantees embodied in the Charter, while being acutely aware of the risk of exacerbating tensions with the legislative and administrative organs of government.

Type
Research Article
Information
Legal Studies , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , November 1985 , pp. 261 - 295
Copyright
Copyright © Society of Legal Scholars 1985

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References

1. Constitution Act 1982, s 38(3), reflecting the language of the November Fifth Accord.

2. Constitution Act, s 33(1).

3. See, generally, Mallory, J. R., ‘Conflict Management in the Canadian Federal System’ (1981) 44 Google Scholar LCP 231; cf A. D. Albert, ‘Constitutional Law: Patriation of Canadian Constitution’ (1983) 23 Harvard International Law Journal 395.

4. Anti-Inflation Reference [1976] 2 SCR 373 (SCC).

5. Re Doctors Hospital (1976) 12 OR (2d), 164 (Ont HC); Fitzgerald v Muldoon [1976] 2 NZLR 615 (CA).

6. Roncarellz v Duplessis [1959] SCR 121 (SCC); Lamb v Benoit [1959] SCR 321 (SCC).

7. Attorney-General of Canada v Hallet B Carey [1952] AC 427 at 450 (PC).

8. Reference re Constitutional Validity of Section 12 of the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1983) 38 OR (2d) 748 at 754, per Smith J (Ont HCJ).

9. P. W. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada (1977), p 421. But see Attorney-General of Canada v Dupond (1978) 84 DLR (3d) 420 (SCC).

10. British North America Act 1867, s 133.

11. Ibid, s 93.

12. Ibid, s 99.

13. Cf D.A. Schmeiser, Civil Liberties in Canada (1964), p 203; J. N. Lyon and R. G. Atkey, Canadian Constitutional Law in a Modern Perspective (1970), pp 391–407.

14. See for a general discussion of the judicial role in this context Weiler, P., ‘Of Judges and Rights, or Should Canada Have a Constitutional Bill of Rights?’ (1980) 60 Google Scholar Dal LR 205.

15. Reference re Alberta Statutes [1938] SCR 100; Switzman v Elbling [1957] SCR 285; cf McKay v R [1965) SCR 789; for discussion, see B. Laskin, Canadian Constitutional Law (4th edn, 1975 by A. S. S. Abel) s 900.0–900.25.

16. Saumur v Cip of Quebec [1953] 2 SCR 299; cf Walter v Attorney-General of Alberta [1969] SCR 383.

17. See the dissenting judgments in the Switzman and Saumur cases cited at nn 15 and 16, supra.

18. Waddell v Schreyer (1981) 126 DLR (3d) 431 at 437.

19. Thorson v Attorney-General of Canada (1974) 43 DLR (3d) 1, followed in Minister of justice of Canada v Borowski (1982) 39 NR 331.

20. See supra, n 18.

21. Switzman v Elbling, n 15 supra, at 328, per Abbott J.

22. For an exhaustive discussion, see W. S. Tarnopolsky, The Canadian Bill of Rights (2nd edn, 1975).

23. Re Gittens and R (1982) 68 CCC (2d) 438 at 445, per Mahoney J (FC, Tr Div).

24. Canadian Bill of Rights 1960, s 2.

25. Ibid.

26. Cf Attorney-General of Canada v Canard [1976] 1 SCR 170 at 185 per Laskin J (SCC).

27. R v Gonzales (1962) 132 CCC 237 at 239, per Davey JA (BCCA).

28. R v Drybones [1970] 3 CCC 355 at 362ad fin, per Ritchie J (SCC); Curr v R (1972) 7 CCC (2d) 181 at 189–190 (SCC).

29. R v Burnshine (1974) 15 CCC (2d) 505 at 523, per Laskin J (SCC).

30. Ibid, at 513, pcr Martland J (SCC).

31. Attorney-General of Canada v Lavell; Isaac v Bedard (1973) 38 DLR (3d) 481 at 484, per Abbott J (SCC).

32. R v Drybones, n 28 supra, at 363, per Ritchie J (SCC).

33. Ibid.

34. Reference re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada (No 3) (1981) 120 DLR (3d) 385 (Que CA).

35. Reference re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada (1981) 117 DLR(3d) I (Man CA).

36. Reference re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada (No 2) (1981) 118 DLR (3d) 1 (Nfld CA).

37. Reference re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada (1981) 125 DLR (3d) 1 (SCC).

38. Attorney-General of Canada v Lavell; Isaac v Bedard, n 31, supra, at 484, per Abbott J (SCC).

39. Ibid.

40. W. S. Tarnopolsky, ‘The Historical and Constitutional Context of the Proposed Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms’ (1981) 44 LCP 82–92.

41. Cf R. A. MacDonald, ‘Postscript and Prelude - The Jurisprudence of the Charter: Eight Theses’ (1982) 4 Supreme Court Law Review 321; D. J. Mullan, ‘The Uncertain Constitutional Position of Canada's Administrative Appeal Tribunals’ (1982) 14 Ottawa LR 239 at 261.

42. Constitution Act 1982, s 52(1).

43. R v Altseimer (1983) 38 OR (2d) 783 at 788 (Ont CA).

44. See supra, n 8.

45. See, further, A. W. MacKay, ‘Judicial Process in the Supreme Court of Canada—The Patriation Reference and Its Implications for the Charter of Rights’ (1983) 21 Os HLJ 55.

46. It has been emphasised, accordingly, that the court's jurisdiction under the Charter is constitutional rather than statutory: Re Skapinker and Law Society of Upper Canada (1983) 3 CCC (3d) 213 (Ont CA).

47. CfA. Roman, ‘The Charter of Rights—Renewing the Social Contract? (1982–1983) 8 Queen's Law Journal 188 at 198.

48. Constitution Act 1982, s 1.

49. See G. Remillard, ‘The Constitution Act, 1982: An Unfinished Compromise’ (1984) 32 AJCL 269.

50. See E. McWhinney, Canada and the Constitution 1979–1982: Patriation and the Charter of Rights (1982).

51. Re Federal Republic of Germany and Rauca (1983) 9 WCB 325 (Ont CA).

52. But see, for a more aggressive judicial approach, R v D.A. C. (1982) 9 WCB 201 (Man Prov Ct).

53. Quebec Association of Protestant School Boards v Attorney-General of Quebec (No 2) (1982) 140 DLR (3d) 33 (Que SC).

54. R v Hay (1982) 70 CCC (2d) 77 (Ont Distr Ct).

55. See supra, n 52.

56. R v Altseimer, n 43 supra.

57. Ibid.

58. Re Jamieson and R (1982) 70 CCC (2d) 430 (Que SC).

59. Re Federal Republic of Germany and Rauca (1982) 70 CCC (2d) 416 (Ont CA).

60. See supra, n 53.

61. Re CFRB and Attorney-General of Canada (1973) 14 CCC (2d) 345 at 353, per Kelly JA (Ont CA).

62. Re Southan Inc and R (No 1) (1983) 70 CCC (2d) 257 at 262, per Smith J (Ont HCJ).

63. Re Federal Republic of Germany and Rauca, n 59 supra, at 429, per Evans CJHC (Ont CA).

64. Re Federal Republic of Germany and Rauca, n 51 supra, (Ont CA).

65. See supra, n 53.

66. See supra, n 46.

67. Constitution Act 1982, s 1.

68. See supra, n 62.

69. Re Cadeddu and R (1982) 9 WCB 13 (Ont HCJ); Re Ontario Film and Video Appreciating Society and Onatario Board of Censors (1983) 147 DLR (3d) 58 (Ont Div Ct).

70. See supra, n 62.

71. See supra, n 53.

72. Cf Re Pacific Press Ltd and R (1977) 37 CCC (2d) 487 (BCSC)-a case decided under the Canadian Bill of Rights.

73. Re Mitchell and R (1983) 6 CCC (3d) 193 (Ont HCJ).

74. Case Relating to Certain Aspects of the Laws on the Use of Language in Education in Belgium (1968) followed by the Supreme Court of Quebec in the case referred to at n 53 supra.

75. Pathumma v State of Kerala [1978] AIR 771 cited and applied by the Supreme Court of Quebec in the same case.

76. See supra, n 53.

77. Ibid.

78. Re W and Children's Aid Society of the Regional Municipality of York (1982) 17 ACWS (2d) 147 (Ont Prov Ct).

79. Re Allman and Commissioner of the Northwest Territories (1983) 144 DLR (3d) 467 (NWTSC).

80. See the minority view in the case cited at n 82, infra.

81. Constitution Act 1982, s 2(a).

82. R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd (1983) 10 WCB 453 (Alta Prov Ct).

83. R v W.H. Smith Ltd (1983) 10 WCB 236 (Alta Prov Ct).

84. Re Davis 15 August 1982 (Aha Prov Ct, Fam Div).

85. Re Maltby and Attorney-General of Saskatchewan (1982) 2 CCC (3d) 153 (Sask QB).

86. CJ in relation to child custody, Brown v Brown (1983) 3 DLR (4th) 283 (Sask CA).

87. Constitution Act 1982, s 2(b).

88. Source Perrier v Fira-Less Marketing Co Ltd (1983) 70 PCR (2d) 61 (FCTD).

89. R v James Lorimer & Co Ltd 30 April 1982 (FCTD).

90. Ibid.

91. Re Ontario Film and Video Appreciating Society and Ontario Board of Censors (1983) 147 DLR (3d) 58(Div Ct).

92. R v Red Hot Video Ltd (1983) 6 CCC (3d) 331 (BC Prov Ct).

93. Re Luscher and Deputy Minister, Revenue Canada Customs and Excise (1983) 149 DLR (3d) 243 (BCCoCt).

94. Re Red Hot Video Ltd, and City of Vancouver 28 October 1983 (BCSC).

95. See supra, n 91.

96. Malartic Hygrade Gold Mines Ltd v R in rt of Quebec (1982) 142 DLR (3d) 512 (Que SC).

97. Edmonton Journal v Attorney-General for Alberta (1983) 9 WCB 179 (Alta QB).

98. R v Banville (1983) 3 CCC (3d) 312 (NBQB); Cf Re Global Communications Ltd. And Attorney-General of Canada (1983) 5 CCC 346 (Ont CA).

99. R v Thomson Newspapers Ltd 8 December 1983 (Ont HC).

100. Re Southam Inc and R (No I) 31 March 1983 (Ont CA) affirming the decision of the Ont HCJ cited at n 62 supra.

101. Ibid.

102. Re Southam Inc and R (No 2) (1982) 70 CCC (2d) 264 (Ont HCJ).

103. Ibid.

104. Re SDA (1982) 28 RFL (2d) 121 (BC Prov Ct).

105. See supra, n 100.

106. See supra, n 98.

107. See supra, n 79.

108. Constitution Act 1982, s 2(c).

109. R v Collinr (1982) 31 CR (3d) 283 (Ont Co Ct).

110. Butler v R (1983) 5 CCC (3d) 356 (FC, Tr Div).

111. See supra, n 109.

112. Constitution Act 1982, s 2(d).

113. Re Prime and Manitoba Laboirr Board (1983) 23 ACWS (2d) 130 (Man QB).

114. Re Service Employees' International Union, Local 204 and Broadway Manor Nursing Home (1983) 4 DLR (4th) 231 (Ont Div Ct).

115. Re Gittens and R (1982) 68 CCC (2d) 438 (FC, Tr Div).

116. Re Sand Minister of Social Services (1983) 21 ACWS (2d) 219 (Sask QB).

117. Re Maltby and Attorney-General of Saskatchewan (1982) 2. CCC (3d) 153 (Sask QB) interpreting Constitution Act 1982, s 2(d).

118. Constitution Act 1982, s 3.

119. Re Allman and Commissioner of the Northwest Territories 26 January 1983 (NWTSC).

120. Re Reynolds and Attorney-Central of British Columbia (1982) 143 DLR (3d) 365 (BCSC).

121. Re Joliuet and Barker and R and Solicitor-General of Canada (1983) 7 CCC (3d) 431 (BCSC).

122. See supra, n 120.

123. See supra, n 117.

124. Re Storey and Zazelenchuk (1982) 21 Sask R 158 (Sask QB).

125. Ibid.

126. See, for example, the Constitution Act, RSBC 1979, c 62, s 23 (British Columbia); Legislative Assembly Act, RSO 1980, c 235, s 3 (Ontario); Legislative Assembly Act, RSA 1980, c L-10, s 3 (Alberta).

127. Constitution Act 1982, s 4(1).

128. Constitution Act 1982, s 4(2).

129. Ibid.

130. Constitution Act 1982, s 5.

131. See supra n 124.

132. Constitution Act 1982, s 6(1).

133. Constitution Act 1982, s 6(2).

134. See supra n 46.

135. Constitution Act 1982, s 6(3)(a).

136. Ibid.

137. Constitution Act 1982, s 6, (3)(b). See, generally, on mobility rights, J. B. Laskin, ‘Mobility Rights under the Charter’ (1982) 4 Supreme Court Law Review 89; E. S. Binavince, ‘The Impact of the Mobility Rights: The Canadian Economic Union—A Boon or a Bust?’ (1982) 14 Ottawa LR 340.

138. Black v Law Society of Alberta (1983) 19 ACWS (2d) 13 (Aha QB).

139. See supra n 46.

140. See supra n 138.

141. See supra n 96.

142. Kingsbury v Minister of Social Services for the Province of Saskatchewan 30 November 1982 (Sask SC).

143. R v Puzzella (1983) 9 WCB 349 (Ont CA).

144. Re United Slates of America and Farago (1982) 9 WCB 301 (BC Co Ct).

145. Sce supra n 51.

146. Constitution Act 1982, s 6(4).

147. Ibid.

148. See further, on this aspect, C. P. Stevenson, ‘A New Perspective on Environmental Rights after the Charter’ (1983) 21 0s HLJ 390.

149. Constitution Act 1982, s 7.

150. Cf R v Hayden (1983) 10 WCB 390 (Man CA).

151. Curr v R (1972) 7 CCC (2d) 181 at 194, per Laskin J (SCC).

152. R v Operation Dismantle Inc (1983) ACWS (2d) 100 (Fed CA).

153. R v Vallieres (No 2) (1973) 17 CCC (2d) 361 (Que CA).

154. Levitz v Ryan (1972) 9 CCC (2d) 182 (Ont CA); but see, for assertion of judicial control of the manner of use of writs of assistance, R v Carriere (1983) 32 CR (3d) 117 (Ont Prov Ct) followed in R v Acevedo (No 1) 8 November 1983 (Ont Co Ct).

155. Re Copeland and Adamson (1972) 7 CCC (2d) 393 (Ont HCJ).

156. Re Hartnett and R; Re Henderson and R (1973) 14 CCC (2d) 69 (Ont HCJ).

157. R v Jewitt (1983) 5 CCC (3d) 234 (BCCA).

158. Re Taylor 16 September 1983 (BCSC).

159. Ibid, but see, for a contrary view with regard to investigation of an informant's basis for laying a criminal charge, R v A.N. (1983) 32 CR (3d) 176 (YT Terr Ct).

160. Cf S. A. Cohen, Due Process of Law (1977), p 33.

161. R v Anson (1982) 68 CCC (2d) 350 (BC Co Ct).

162. R v DAC (1982) 9 WCB 201 (Man Prov Ct).

163. Re Joplin (1982) 9 WCB 16 (BCSC).

164. Re Carriere (1983) 32 CR (3d) 117 (Ont Prov Ct); Reference re Section 94 (2) of the Motor Vehicle Act (1983) 33 CR (3d) 22 at 30 (BCCA).

165. Re Balderstone and R (1982) 2 CCC (3d) 37 (Man QB).

166. R v Holman (1982) 28 CR (3d) 378, (BC Prov Ct).

167. See supra n 165.

168. Cf Re Diotte and R (1982) 9 WCB 26 (Ont HCJ).

169. See the second case cited at n 164, supra.

170. R v Stevens (1983) 9 WCB 149 (Ont CA).

171. See supra, n 161.

172. R v Belton (No 1) (1982) 8 WCB 106 (Man Prov Ct).

173. R v Gallant (1982) 8 WCB 205 (Ont Prov Ct); but see R v Trudeau and Tait (1983) 5 CCC (3d) 478 (BC Co Ct).

174. R v Newall (No 4) (1982) 70 CCC (2d) 10 (BCSC); R v Konechay (1983) 6 CCC (3d) 354 (BC Co Ct).

175. R v Gustauson (1982) I CCC (3d) 470 (BCSC);cf Re Moore and R 10 January 1984 (0nt HCJ).

176. Constitution Act 1982, s 8.

177. Southam Inc v Hunter (1982) 68 CCC (2d) 356 (Alta QB).

178. Southam Inc v Hunter (1983) 9 WCB 180 (Alta CA).

179. Re Trudeau and R (1982) 1 CCC (3d) 342 (QUC SC).

180. Re Gillis and R (1982) 1 CCC (3d) 545 (Que SC).

181. R v MacIntyre, Stoyles and Lamb (1982) 69 CCC (2d) 162 (Alta QS); cf Constitution Act, 1982, s 24(2).

182. R v Maclean (1982) 9 WCB 109 (BC Prov Ct).

183. R v Curon (1982) 9 WCB 180 (Ont Distr Ct);Ru Morrison (1983) 6 CCC (3d) 256 (BC co Ct).

184. R v McCregor (1983) 9 WCB 148 (Ont HCJ).

185. R v Kevany (1982) 1 CCC (3d) 511 148 (Ont Co Ct); R v Esau (1983) 4CCC (3d) 530 (Man CA).

186. Ru Glass (1982) 9 WCB 164 (BC Prov Ct); R v Higgins (1983) 9 WCB 352 (Sask QB).

187. R v Carter (1982) 8 WCB 452 (Ont CA).

188. R v Holman (1982) 28 CR (3d) 378 (BC Prov Ct).

189. R v Geswein (1982) 8 WCB 260 (Man Prov Ct).

190. R v Hogarth (1972) 7 CCC (2d) 567 (BCSC).

191. R v Davidson (1982) 40 NBR (2d) 702 (NBQB).

192. See supru, n 182; cf Constitution Act, 1982 s 24(2).

193. Re R and Shea (1982) 1 CCC (3d) 316 (Ont HCJ).

194. R v Cohen 22 March 1983 (CCCA).

195. Constitution Act 1982, s 9.

196. R v M (1982) 70 CCC (2d) 123 (Ont Prov Ct).

197. R v Simon (No I) (1982) 68 CCC (2d) 86 (NWTSC).

198. Ibid.

199. R v Denton (1982) 17 MVK 227 (Alta Prov Ct).

200. R v Altseimer (1982) 1 CCC (3d) 7 (Ont CA).

201. Re Jamieson and R (1982) 70 CCC (2d) 430 (Que SC).

202. Ibid; cf R v McGregor (1983) 9 WCB 148 (Ont HCJ).

203. R v Simon (No 3) (1982) 69 CCC (2d) 557 (NWTSC).

204. R v Frankforth (1982) 70 CCC (2d) 448 (BCCo Ct).

205. See, for example, R v Newall (No 4) (1982) 70 CCC (2d) 10 (BCSC).

206. See supra n 204.

207. See the second case cited; it n 202, supru.

208. See supra n 196.

209. R v Sybrandy (1983) 9 WCB (Ont Prov Ct).

210. Constitution Act 1982, s 10(a).

211. R v Amos (1982) 8 WCB 183 (NWTSC).

212. R v Nelson (1982) 9 WCB 106 (Man QB).

213. Constitution Act 1982, s 10(b).

214. Re Ewing and Kearney and R (1974) 18 CCC (2d) 356 (BCCA).

215. Gideon v Wainwright 372 US 335 (1963).

216. Cf the pre-Charter case of Spataro v R (1972) 7 CCC (2d) 1 (SCC).

217. See supra n 214.

218. R v Rowbottam (1982) 18 MVR 202 (Nfld Prov Ct).

219. See supra n 211.

220. See supra n 217.

221. R v KS (1982) 8 WCB 502 (Ont Prov Ct).

222. See supra n 211.

223. Cf Brownridge v R (1972) 7 CCC (2d) 417 (SCC) interpreting the corresponding provision in the Bill of Rights.

224. Constitution Act 1982, s 11(b); Re Balderstone and R (1982) 2CCC (3d) 37 (ManQB).

225. R v Richardson and Dabene (1982) 8 WCB 263 (Ont Prov Ct).

226. Ibid.

227. Re Randall and R 13 January 1983 (BCSC).

228. R v Cameron (1982) 9 WCB 271 (Alta CA).

229. Ibid.

230. R v Mingo (No 2) (1982) 8 WCB 451 (BCSC); cf Attorney-General Of Canada v Mekies 1 December 1982 (Que SC).

231. R v Forsberg (1982) 8 WCB 422 (BC Prov Ct).

232. R v Belcourt (1982) 69 CCC: (2d) 286 (BCSC).

233. R v Berfsch 15 October 1982 (Alta Prov Ct).

234. R v Droesse 19 November 1982 (Sask QB).

235. See supra n 232.

236. Constitution Act 1982, s II(c).

237. R v Stasink (1982) 38 OR (2d) 618 (Ont Prov Ct).

238. R v Kendall (1982) 17 MVR 231 (Alta Prov Ct).

239. R v Holman (1982) 28 CR (3d) 378 (BC Prov Ct).

240. R v Loewcn (1982) 17 MVR 279 (BC Prov Ct).

241. Criminal Code, s 312 (2).

242. R v Rolbin (1982) 8 WCB 507 (Que SC).

243. R v Crooks (1982) 8 WCB 107 (Ont HCJ).

244. Ibid.

245. R v Super Disposal Services Ltd and Micallef (No I) (1982) 8 WCB 475 (Ont Co Ct).

246. R v Daigle (1982) 9 WCB 47, (Que SC).

247. Constitution Act 1982, s 11(d).

248. Narcotic Control Act RSC, N1, 19661961, s 8.

249. R v Oakes (1983) 9 WCB 151 (Ont CA).

250. R v Carroll (1983) 9 WCB 290 (PEICA).

251. Rv Mann (1982) 17 Man R (2d) 410 (Man Co Ct).

252. R v Tardif (1982) 9 WCB 105 (Que SC).

253. R v Allan (1982) 8 WCB 58 (Alta QB), R v Gee and Bramwell (1982) 8 WCB 451 (AltaQB).

254. Compare R v Smith (1982) 43 NBR (2d) 263 (NBQB) with R v McKenzie (1983) 9 WCB 105 (NBQB).

255. R v Kowalczuk [1982] 6 WWR 663 (Man Prov Ct).

256. See supra n 249.

257. R v Cook (1983) 9 WCB 330 (NSCA).

258. R v McKenzie (1983) 9 WCB 105 (NBQB).

259. See supra n 248.

260. Ibid.

261. R v Kinley 10 September 1982 (Man Prov Ct).

262. Ibid.

263. See the first case cited at n 253, supra.

264. See supra n 257.

265. R v Cranston (1983) 9 WCB 164 (NSSC).

266. R v L'Esperance (1982) 8 WCB 352 (Que Ct Sess).

267. Edmonton Journal v Attorney-General for Alberta (1983) 9 WCB 179 (Alta QB).

268. Ibid.

269. Re Legault and United States of America 10 March 1983 (Que SC).

270. Ru Zaluski 18 January 1983 (Sask Prov Ct).

271. R v Piraino (1982) 67 CCC (2d) 28 (Ont HCJ).

272. Constitution Act 1982, s II (e).

273. Constitution Act 1982, s II (f).

274. Re M and R (1982) 1 CCC: (3d) 465 (Ont HCJ).

275. R v Spek 28 January 1983 (BCCA).

276. R v Carson (1983) 9 WCB 345 (Ont CA).

277. Constitution Act 1982, s 11 (h).

278. R v Linklater 18 December 1982 (YTSC).

279. R v Cardinal (1982) 40 AR 342 (Alta QB).

280. R v W; R v L. (1982) I CCC (3d) 268 (Ont Prov Ct).

281. Ibid.

282. R v M (1982) 2 CCC (3d) 296 (Ont Prov Ct).

283. R v DAC (1982) 9 WCB 201 (Man Prov Ct).

284. See supra n 278.

285. R v Krug (1982) 9 WCB 10 (Ont Distr Ct).

286. R v Mingo (1982) 2 CCC (3d) 23 (BCSC).

287. R v B & W Agricultural Services Ltd (1982) 8 WCB 495 (BC Prov Ct).

288. Re Gittens and R (1982) 68 CCC (2d) 438 (FCTD).

289. Constitution Act 1982, s 12.

290. McCann v R (1975) 29 CCC (2d) 337 at 364 per Heald J (FCTD), interpreting the indistinguishable provision contained in the Canadian Bill of Rights.

291. R v Miller and Cockriell (1976) 31 CCC (2d) 177 at 197, pcr Ritche J (SCC).

292. R v Shand (1976) 30 CCC (2d) 23 (Ont CA).

293. Collin v Kaplan (1982) 1 CCC (3d) 309 (FCTD).

294. See G.L. Peiris, ‘The Doctrine of Locus Standi in Commonwealth Administrative Law’ [1983] PL, 52–90.

295. Re Maltby and Attorney-General of Saskatchewan (1982) 2 CCC (3d) 153 (Sask QB).

296. R v DAC (1982) 9 WCB 201 (Man Prov Ct).

297. R v Roestad (1971) 5 CCC (2d) 564 (Ont Co Ct).

298. R v Hatchwell (1973) 14 CCC (2d) 556 (BCCA).

299. R v Mailman (1982) 41 NBR (2d) 369 (NBQB).

300. See n 296 supra.

301. McCann v R (1975) 29 CCC (2d) 337 (FCTD).

302. See n 292 supra.

303. See n 293 supra.

304. Constitution Act 1982, s 15(1).

305. Ibid.

306. Attorney-Central of Canada v Lavell; Isaac v Bedard (1973) 38 DLR (3d) 481 at 494 (SCC).

307. Ibid, at 495, per Ritchie J.

308. Ibid, at 484, per Abbott, J.

309. R v Drybones [1970] 3 CCC: 355 (SCC).

310. Ibid.

311. R v Smythe (1971) 3 CCC (2d) 366 (SCC).

312. Re Prata and Minister of Manpower and Immigration (1972) 31 DLR (3d) 465 at 473, per Jackett CJ (FCC).

313. See supra, n 306.

314. MacKay v R (1980) 54 CCC (2d) 129 (SCC).

315. R v Burnshine (1974) 15 CCC (2d) 505 at 514, per Martland J (SCC).

316. R v Mackay; R v Willington (1977) 36 CCC (2d) 349 (Alta CA).

317. Ibid.

318. See supra, n 315 at 516, per Ritchie J (SCC).

319. R v Natrall (1972) 9 CCC (2d) 390 (BCCA).

320. See supra, n 315 at 513, per Martland J (SCC).

321. See supra, n 306 at 51 I, per Laskin J (SCC).

322. Curr v R (1972) 7 CCC (2d) 181 at 189 (SCC).

323. British North America Act 1867, s 133(1) and (2).

324. Official Languages Act, RSC 1970, c 2, s 2 and s 8.

325. Official Languages of New Brunswick Act, RSNB 1973, c 0–1, s 2 and s 3.

326. Constitution Act 1982, s 16(1).

327. Constitution Act 1982, s 16(2).

328. Constitution Act 1982, s 27.

329. Quebec Association of Protestant School Boards v Attorney-General of Quebec(No I) (1982) 140 DLR (3d) 19 (QueSC).

330. Constitution Act 1982, s 23; see, generally, J.E. Magnet, ‘Minority Language Educational Rights’ (1983) 4 Supreme Court Law Review 195.

331. Constitution Act 1982, s 23(3)(a).

332. Quebec Association of Protestant School Boards v Attorney-General of Quebec (No 2) (1982) 140 DLR (3d) 33 (Que SC).

333. R v Pugsley (1982) 2 CCC (3d) 266 (NSCA).

334. Constitution Act 1982, s 52(1); cf R v Dickson and Corman (1982) 8 WCB 506 (Ont Co Ct).

335. Constitution Act 1982, s 26.

336. R in rt of New Brunswick v Fisherman's Wharf Ltd (1982) 135 DLR (3d) 307 (NBWB).

337. Constitution Act 1982, s 25.

338. Ibid, s 28.

339. Ibid, s 29.

340. Ibid, s 32(2).

341. Ibid, s 33(1).

342. Ibid.

343. Ibid.

344. Ibid.

345. Ibid, s 33(3).

346. Ibid, s 33(4).

347. An Act Respecting the Constitution Act 1982, SQ 1982, s 1.

348. Malartic Hygrade Gold Mines Ltd v R in rt of Quebec (1982) 142 DLR (3d) 512 (Que SC).

349. Cf R Dworkin, ‘Taking Rights Seriously’Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence (2nd series, 1972), p 202.

350. Constitution Act 1982, s 24(1).