In Different Parts of the World, Landowners Have Sometimes Found fit to compensate labor, wholly or partially, by letting laborers have the usufruct of a small plot of land. The border between this category of labor and that of tenants is blurred, as is suggested by the English term, tenant labor (or labor tenants).

In Recent Years Andean Ethnohistory Has Benefitted From Four new developments:

First, is the greater accessibility of the classical chronicles, particularly since the Biblioteca de Autores Españoles in Madrid decided in 1956 to reprint Bernabé Cobo's Historia del Nuevo Mundo which had gone out of print decades before. The BAE has since reprinted at reasonable prices many other titles, among them the indispensable Relaciones geográficas de Indias. Anyone who had tried to study pre-European Andean institutions in the libraries at Cuzco, Cuenca or Sucre even ten years ago knows how difficult it was then to check any claim or hypothesis at the source. Students were forced to use third-hand and incomplete references; many others in the Andes were discouraged from pursuing such studies because of the unavailability of the eyewitness or other early accounts.

The Study of Political Leadership is Important for an Understanding of any society. Political leaders participate in, or influence the making of, decisions that allocate resources within and among social units. These acts of choice constitute the major component of the governing process. It seems obvious, then, that an understanding of any social order rests fundamentally on a systematic grasp of the background attributes, careers, value and issue orientations, behaviors and environmental context of political leaders.

University Students Have Been a Highly Visible Participant in Latin American politics for many years. To cite a few examples, they played an important role in the overthrow of the regimes in Cuba (1933, 1959), Guatemala (1944), Venezuela (1958), and Bolivia (1964), and have led significant anti-government demonstrations in nearly every Latin American country at one time or another. No government in the region can afford to disregard students as a political group.

In the Last Decade Scholars Have Undertaken a Reappraisal of Brazil's colonial experience conjunctly with Portugal's pioneering endeavors in imperial expansion and persistent occupation. Sequentially these dual facets have encouraged an appreciation of research materials in Portugal for the study of Brazilian history. Portugal's vast archives, excellent museums, and numerous libraries are abundant in historical manuscripts and printed works as are the various town halls, monasteries, private homes, and Misericordias, most of which remain insufficiently utilized by foreign scholars. Increased fellowship funds and more cosmopolitan academic attitudes have facilitated accessibility to geographically widespread collections, the benefits of which are immeasurable.

THE GOVERNMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA, HAVING BEEN PREOCCUPIED MAINLY with industrialization since World War II, began to give more attention to social development during the Sixties. Priorities of development policy, stressed under the Alliance for Progress, now include education and health; improvements in both areas are regarded as means of raising output as well as furthering social progress. Analyses of Latin America's human resources, however, have concentrated mainly on manpower requirements and corresponding educational needs. They have been supported by evidence of high returns to investment in education,2 while studies of the region's health conditions have yielded no comparable evidence in support of health sector investments. Health improvements are evident, but economic analysis has not yet shown to what extent they are attributable to health expenditures alone. Poor health is closely associated with poverty, low education, and rural residence, but causal relationships among these and other variables remain largely unexplored.

IN THIS WORK WE PRESENT THE FIRST CONCLUSIONS OF AN ONGOING INvestigation concerning the process of urbanization in the Spanish colonies in America, at a particular moment in their history. We cover a period of approximately 50 years, between the decades of 1570-80 and that which ends in 1630.

A “Cult of ‘Che’” Has Arisen in the United States and in Latin America since the death of Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara in Bolivia on October 9, 1967. The principal followers of the cult are the radical intellectuals, students and workers in the Western Hemisphere. The selection of Che Guevara as a hero by these segments of society, and their subsequent use of his name to champion their causes, has attracted the attention of the general public to this controversial figure. This sudden awareness of Che has created a substantial demand for information about his life and ideas. To meet this demand, publishers in the United States and Latin America have literally flooded the market with literature about him. This body of literature can be divided into two broad categories. The first comprises works containing his spoken or written words. In the second category are those works which have been written about him. These broad categories can be subdivided into books and periodical articles.

The Publication in 1960 of I. R. Lavretskii's “A Survey of the Hispanic American Historical Review, 1956-1958,” provided U.S. specialists in Latin American history with an abrasive introduction to recent Soviet historical scholarship in the Latin American area. Subsequent reviews by American and European scholars, together with further translations of pertinent Soviet writings, have helped to provide those lacking a knowledge of the Russian language with additional insight into the nature and scope of Latin American studies in the USSR. At the same time, however, the frequently opposing views of history held by Soviet historians and their western critics have greatly complicated the task of scholarly evaluation. On the one hand, Soviet historical scholarship has often been dismissed as “a branch of politics;” on the other, U.S. historians are said to “falsify and distort the historical truth in order to benefit imperialism.” In content and presentation, the Lavretskii article evinces both extremes.

Understand the cuban revolutionary process it is Necessary to comprehend the milieu in which Fidel Castro acquired his political ideas and the manner in which he led the revolutionary struggle against the Batista regime. Recognizing these factors, the authors have prepared this bibliography in order to offer a tool for the scholarly analysis of Fidel Castro over a twelveyearperiod, from 1947 to January 1959.

Prior to 1952, writings by Fidel Castro are sketchy and hard to find. For instance, in the early 1940's, Fidel was a university leader and participated in a political group called Union Insurreccional Revolucionaria, but most of his speeches were not transcribed or recorded. Furthermore, in 1950-1951, he travelled throughout Cuba speaking on behalf of the Partido del Pueblo Cubano.Copies of the speeches were kept, but we have been unable to consult them because many were published in the Havana newspapers Aleria and La Calle, neither of which can be found in the United States.

Util y amena ha sido la lectura del trabajo de Jorge E. Hardoy y Carmen Aranovich, “Escalas y funciones urbanas de América Hispánica hacia 1600, Un ensayo metodológico.” Un valioso y sugestivo intento de mensurar el origen de la historia urbana del continente, por lo menos en cuanto a una caracterización de magnitudes y un delineamiento de las más importantes funciones del fenómeno urbano en América.

Inasmuch as Scientific Criticism and Polemic are of the Greatest significance for the development of every branch of historical science, including, of course, the study of Latin America, I should like to offer a few thoughts on this subject.

Soviet historians of Latin America, just as scholars in other fields, attach great significance to the views of specialists everywhere-be they their colleagues in the USSR or abroad; be they Marxists or non-Marxists. Even if we hold different philosophical and methodological positions than our opponents, we are always ready to lend an attentive ear to critical observations. Disagreement with the world view or general historical conception of one or another of our foreign critics by no means prevents us from recognizing the correctness of his views on given problems, provided that the viewpoint in question is convincingly argued and scientificallydemonstrated. Even though we reject any questioning of the basic conceptions advanced by us, we are still able to accept admonitions and to seek a kernel of reason in otherwise totally inadmissible criticisms.

On October 14, 1967, the Consejo Latinoamerican de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO), which includes about forty of the most important social science research institutions in Latin America, was constituted in the city of Bogotá, Colombia.

The regulations of the Council provide for the creation of Working Committees devoted to specific tasks in the common interest of member institutions and of social science research in Latin America. Among the first Working Committees to be created was one devoted to the creation, development and modernization of SocialScienceData Archives in the area.

James Wilkie's The Mexican Revolution: Federal Expenditure and Social Change Since 1910 is an industrious attempt to get beneath the conventional wisdom about the changes wrought by the Mexican Revolution. The author's careful compilation of budgetary data should sharply challenge the longstanding and widespread assumptions that: (a) useful historical material from Latin America does not exist in statistical form, and (b) even if it did exist, the mystical qualities of Latin culture defy all efforts at measurement. Wilkie has shown that—with luck, perseverence, and imagination—data can be found. One hopes that his example will encourage other students of the area to seek out similar data and reap further intellectual benefits from quantitative analysis: hypothesis-testing, measurement of trends, and rigorous comparison.

Approximately five years have now elapsed since the establishment of Latin American studies in British universities on an institutional basis and, since the next quinquennium begins in less than two years' time, in 1972, and universities in Britain are already preparing their plans for that period, this may be an appropriate moment for taking stock of developments to date, and for speculating about the future. But in order to appreciate the current situation, it would be useful to set the subject in its historical context and to consider first the state of Latin American studies in Britain before the establishment of Centres and Institutes, and the reasons why they came into being.

In Raising Questions Concerning Methodology in My Book, The Mexican Revolution: Federal Expenditure and Social Change Since 1910, Professors Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith have offered a reminder that statistics “do not speak for themselves.” The authors of “Notes on Quantitative History” are to be commended for undertaking a lengthy article examining some long-standing problems which historians face in attempting to understand the Latin American past.

Contacts Between Latin American Studies Centers in the European countries have in the past been sporadic and informal. In order to make best use of existing scholarly resources a far greater degree of cooperation and interchange should exist, both at a national and a continental level. It was with a view to examining the present situation and to discussing the institutional bases for a program of cooperation that representatives of Latin American Studies Centers from France, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Western Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and the Scandinavian countries met in Brussels on May 5-7, 1969. The Conference was sponsored by the Instituto Latinamericano de Relaciones Internacionales (ILARI), represented by its director, Luis Mercier Vega, editor of the review Aportes, and François Bourricaud of the University of Paris. Latin American participants included Gino Germani of Harvard and Buenos Aires, Aldo E. Solari of CEPAL and Montevideo, and Domingo M. Rivarola of Paraguay. Kalman Silvert of New York University represented the U.S.A.