Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T05:00:20.898Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Individual-Level Determinants of Anti-Americanism in Contemporary Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2022

Dinorah Azpuru  and
Dexter Boniface
Dinorah Azpuru
Affiliation:
Wichita State University
Dexter Boniface
Affiliation:
Rollins College
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This article examines the breadth and depth of anti-Americanism in contemporary Latin America. Using individual-level data from 2012, we employ regression analysis to understand why some Latin American citizens are more likely than others to distrust the government of the United States. By examining the attitudes of citizens of countries that are part of different groupings—such as the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas and the Pacific Alliance—we find great variation in the levels and predictors of anti-Americanism. While citizens' ideology is a common predictor in most countries, other variables such as the receipt of remittances, the perception of insecurity, and nationalism appear as predictors in only some. Furthermore, although there is a positive correlation between presidential approval and anti-Americanism in countries where leaders have an overtly anti-American discourse, this relationship disappears in countries where the president is perceived as neutral, and it is inverse in countries where the president is perceived as pro-American.

Resumen

Resumen

Este artículo explora la magnitud y la profundidad del anti-norte-americanismo en la América Latina contemporánea. Utilizando datos de una encuesta en 2012 y a través de varios modelos de regresión, se busca entender por qué algunos ciudadanos latinoamericanos son más proclives que otros a desconfiar del gobierno de Estados Unidos. Al analizar las actitudes de ciudadanos que de países que son parte de algunos grupos específicos —como ALBA y la Alianza del Pacífico— encontramos que existe gran variación en los niveles de anti-norteamericanismo, así como en los predictores del mismo. Si bien la ideología de los ciudadanos es un predictor común en la mayor parte de países, otras variables tales como el recibir remesas del exterior, la percepción de inseguridad, o el nacionalismo, sólo aparecen como predictores en algunos países. Aún más, mientras que existe una correlación positiva entre la aprobación al presidente del país del encuestado y el anti-americanismo en países cuyos líderes tienen un discurso abiertamente anti-norteamericano, dicha relación desaparece en países en los cuales el presidente es visto como alguien neutral, y se vuelve inversa en los países en donde el presidente es considerado pro-norteamericano.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , 2015 , pp. 111 - 134
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 by the Latin American Studies Association

Footnotes

The authors wish to thank the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) and its major supporters (the United States Agency for International Development, the Inter-American Development Bank, and Vanderbilt University) for making the data available. We also thank Mary Malone, Carolyn Shaw, and the anonymous LARR reviewers for their comments on an earlier version of this article.

References

AmericasBarometer 2013 Databases provided by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP). http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/.Google Scholar
Arnson, Cynthia 2011 “Obama's Moment to Get It Right in Latin America.” Americas Quarterly, March 15, 2011. http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/2314.Google Scholar
Arnson, Cynthia J., and Olson, Eric L., eds. 2011 “Organized Crime in Central America: The Northern Triangle.” Wilson Center Reports on the Americas No. 29. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Google Scholar
Ayuso, Silvia 2014 “Caracas rompe la unidad de la OEA ante el deshielo de EE UU y Cuba.” El País, December 23. http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/12/22/actualidad/1419274782_908485.html.Google Scholar
Azpuru, Dinorah 2014 “The Multiple Causes of the Border Crisis.” Panoramas (University of Pittsburgh), October 25.Google Scholar
Azpuru, Dinorah, and Shaw, Carolyn M. 2010 “The United States and the Promotion of Democracy in Latin America: Then, Now and Tomorrow.” Orbis 54 (2): 252–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Andy, and Cupery, David 2013 “Anti-Americanism in Latin America: Economic Exchange, Foreign Policy Legacies and Mass Attitudes toward the Colossus of the North.” Latin American Research Review 48 (2): 106–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballvé, Marcelo 2005 “A New Wave of Anti-Americanism.” NACLA Report on the Americas 38 (6): 37–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BBC 2006 “Analysis: How the US ‘Lost’ Latin America.” BBC News, April 3, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4861320.stm.Google Scholar
BBC 2009 “Clinton Admits US Blame on Drugs.” BBC News, March 26, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7963292.stm.Google Scholar
BBC 2013 “Peru Overtakes Colombia as World's Top Coca Leaf Grower.” BBC News, September 24, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-24234210.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa, and Linzer, Drew 2012 “Elite Competition, Religiosity, and Anti-Americanism in the Islamic World.” American Political Science Review 106 (2): 225–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brick, Kate, Challinor, A. E., and Rosenblum, Marc R. 2011 Mexican and Central American Immigrants in the United States. MPI Reports, June. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Cave, Damien 2012 “At a Nation's Only Gun Shop, Looking North in Disbelief.” New York Times, July 24.Google Scholar
CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) 2015 “Special Declarations 24: of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States on unilateral actions against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.” http://www.celac2015.go.cr/special-declarations-24-of-the-community-of-latin-american-and-caribbean-states-on-unilateral-actions-against-the-bolivarian-republic-of-Venezuela/Google Scholar
Chiozza, Giacomo 2007 “Disaggregating Anti-Americanism: An Analysis of Individual Attitudes toward the United States.” In Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, edited by Katzenstein, Peter J. and Keohane, Robert O, 93–126. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier, and Feinberg, Richard 1999 “Regimes of Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere: Power, Interests, and Intellectual Traditions.” International Studies Quarterly 43 (1): 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latinobarómetro, Corporación 2011 2011 Report, October 28. Santiago de Chile: Latinobarómetro.Google Scholar
Crandall, Russell 2011 “The Post-American Hemisphere: Power and Politics in an Autonomous Latin America.” Foreign Affairs 90 (3): 83–95.Google Scholar
Forero, Juan 2012 “Latin American Countries Pursue Alternatives to U.S. Drug War.” Washington Post, April 10.Google Scholar
García, Jaime 2012 “Funes descarta unirse al ALBA, pero analiza incorporarse a Petrocaribe.” El Salvador.com, July 28. http://www.elsalvador.com/mwedh/nota/nota_completa.asp?idCat=47673&idArt=7112676.Google Scholar
Hakim, Peter 2006 “Is Washington Losing Latin America?” Foreign Affairs 85 (1): 39–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katzenstein, Peter, and Keohane, Robert 2007 “Varieties of Anti-Americanism: A Framework for Analysis.” In Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, edited by Katzenstein, Peter and Keohane, Robert, 9–38. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Krastev, Ivan 2004 “The Anti-American Century?” Journal of Democracy 15 (2): 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagos, Marta, and Dammert, Lucía 2012 “La seguridad ciudadana: El problema principal de América Latina.” May 9. Santiago, Chile, Corporación Latinobarómetro. http://www.latinobarometro.org/documentos/LATBD_La_seguridad_ciudadana.pdf.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Roberts, Kenneth M. 2011 The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Maldonado, René, Bajuk, Natasha, and Hayem, Maria Luisa 2012 Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean: Regaining Growth. Washington, DC: Multilateral Investment Fund, Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Martínez i Coma, Ferran, and Peñas, Ignacio Lago 2008 “¿Qué piensan los mexicanos de los Estados Unidos?” Working Paper No. DTEI-170. Mexico City: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE).Google Scholar
McPherson, Alan 2007a “Anti-Americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean: ‘False Populism’ or Coming Full Circle?” In The Anti-American Century, edited by Krastev, Ivan and McPherson, Alan, 49–75. Budapest: Central European University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherson, Alan 2007b “Anti-Americanism in Latin America.” In Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, Themes, Vol. 3, Comparative Perspectives, edited by O'Connor, Brendan, 77–102. Oxford, UK: Greenwood World.Google Scholar
Means, John 1971 “Latin American Report: Anti-Americanism in the Neighborhood.” North American Review 256 (2): 8–10.Google Scholar
Meyer, Peter J., and Seelke, Clare Ribando 2014 “Central America Regional Security Initiative: Background and Policy Issues for Congress.” CRS Report for Congress, May 6. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Neuman, William 2013 “U.S. Agency Is Expelled from Bolivia.” New York Times, May 1.Google Scholar
Orozco, Manuel 2012 Future Trends in Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Dialogue Report, May. Washington, DC: Inter-American Dialogue.Google Scholar
Otis, John 2014 “After More Than 50 Years, USAID Is Leaving Ecuador.” NBC News, October 1. http://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/after-more-50-years-usaid-leaving-ecuador-n215621.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert, with Leonardi, Robert and Nanetti, Raffaella 1993 Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Olga R., and Weissenstein, Michael 2012 “Joe Biden Mexico Visit: Calderon Asks Vice President to Stop U.S. Arms, Money Flow.” Huff Post World, March 5. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/05/joe-biden-mexico-visit_n_1322370.html#.Google Scholar
Roett, Riordan 1988 “Anti-Americanism in the Southern Cone of Latin America.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 497 (May): 68–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubinstein, Alvin, and Smith, Donald 1988 “Anti-Americanism in the Third World.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 497 (May): 35–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, Roberto 2007 “Foreign Policy.” In The ‘New Left’ and Democratic Governance in Latin America, edited by Arnson, Cynthia J. and Perales, José Raúl, 44–49. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Google Scholar
Saiz, Eva 2013 “La Alianza del Pacífico anima a EE UU a invertir en América Latina.” El País, September 26. http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/09/26/actualidad/1380148553_847395.html.Google Scholar
Seligson, Mitchell A., Smith, Amy Erica, and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J., eds. 2012 The Political Culture of Democracy in the Americas 2012: Towards Equality of Opportunity. Report on the Americas. Nashville, TN: LAPOP, Vanderbilt University.Google Scholar
Shifter, Michael 2004 “Tracing the Roots of Anti-Americanism in Latin America.” Review of Yankee No! Anti-American in U.S.-Latin American Relations, by Alan McPherson. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 5 (2): 107–112.Google Scholar
Smith, Peter H. 2007 Talons of the Eagle: Latin America, the United States, and the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sweig, Julia 2006 Friendly Fire: Losing Friends and Making Enemies in the Anti-American Century. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
UN Office on Drugs and Crime 2011 Global Study on Homicide. Vienna: UNODC.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, Arturo 2005 “Beyond Benign Neglect: Washington and Latin America.” Current History 104 (February): 58–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyland, Kurt 2009 “The Rise of Latin America's Two Lefts: Insights from Rentier State Theory.” Comparative Politics 41 (2): 145–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank 2010 “Latin America: Remittances Making a Healthy Recovery in 2010.” Press release, November 8. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2010/ll/08/latin-america-remittances-making-healthy-recovery-2010.Google Scholar
Wyss, Jim 2012 “When It Comes to U.S. Aid, Some in Latin America Fret about the Political Costs.” Miami Herald, August 31.Google Scholar