In our earlier papers, we demonstrated that plasma pressure decreases with the growing atomic number of the target material. That experimentally confirmed fact brought about a question whether it would be possible to collimate the Al plasma outflow by using plastic plasma as a compressor. To prove that idea we used in our next experiments a plastic target with an Al cylindrical insert of 400 µm in diameter. The measurements were carried out at the Prague Asterix Laser System iodine laser facility. The laser provided a 250 ps (full width at half maximum (FWHM)) pulse with energy of 130 J at the third harmonic frequency (λ3 = 0.438 µm). The focal spot diameters (ΦL) 800, 1000, and 1200 µm ensured predominance of the plastic plasma amount high enough for the effective Al plasma compression. To study the Al plasma stream propagation and its interaction with plastic plasma a three-frame interferometric system and an X-ray camera were used. The experiment provided a proof that creation of the collimated Al plasma jet by action of outer plastic plasma is feasible. In order to discuss of the experimental results a thorough theoretical analysis was carried out.

Conditions for thermonuclear ignition are determined by three parameters: fuel density, temperature and hot-spot size. A simple three temperature model is developed to calculate the critical burn-up parameter or the minimum ρR product. Extensive results obtained are compared with earlier one temperature model for DT and DD fuels. While the two approaches are found to provide similar results for DT fuel except at low temperature regime (~10 keV), three temperature modeling is found to be necessary for DD fuel. This is argued to be due to the lower fusion reactivity and energy production in DD reactions.

In the tape helix slow-wave system, discontinuous dielectrics have great effects on the dispersion characteristics. In this paper, the tape helix slow-wave system, including an inner and an outer metal shield, tape helix, nylon support, and de-ionized water as filling dielectric, was analyzed. Effects of dielectric discontinuity caused by the support dielectric and filling dielectric on the dispersion characteristics were studied in detail. The dispersion relations, phase velocities, slow-wave coefficients, and electric lengths of the spatial harmonics in the system were calculated. Results showed that, if the permittivity of support dielectric was smaller than that of the filling dielectric, frequencies of the spatial harmonics in the system rose, phase velocities and slow-wave coefficients increased, the slow-wave effect of the system was weakened so that the previous electric length was shortened. The reverse condition corresponded to the reverse results, and the electromagnetic simulation also proved it. By use of the helical pulse forming line of accelerator based on the studied tape helix slow-wave system, the electric lengths of the system were tested as 188.5 ns and 200 ns in experiments where the thicknesses of nylon support were 6 mm and 3 mm, respectively. The theoretical calculation results 198 ns and 211 ns basically corresponded to experimental results, which only had relative errors as 5 and 5.5%, respectively.

An initial study and design on ignition elliptical hohlraum (ellipraum) is given by using the expended plasma-filling model with criterions. As a result, in an ellipraum with a smaller ratio of major-to-minor axis (a/b), the radius ratio of ellipraum-to-capsule (b/RC) should be larger (hence more sphere-like) to meet the criterions of plasma-filling and laser deposition, meanwhile the required laser energy and peak power are lower and the coupling between different modes is weaker. To produce a 300 eV radiation pulse to ignite a capsule of 1 mm radius, an ellipraum of a/b = 1.6 and b/Rc = 2.8 is superior to a cylinraum with a length-to-diameter ratio of 1.81 and a cylinraum-to-capsule radius ratio of 2.54 in saving more than 10% laser energy and reducing 50% coupling between different modes.

Gyrating ion beams, produced by quick ionization of neutral beams, employed for plasma heating, are susceptible to ion Bernstein and ion cyclotron instabilities. The Bernstein wave, having large parallel phase velocity, is excited via cyclotron interaction whereas the ion cyclotron wave with lower parallel phase velocity could be driven by Cerenkov interaction as well. The maximally growing modes have transverse wave number of the order of inverse ion Larmor radius. The nonlocal effects cause reduction in the growth rate.

We present a 2D analysis of direct-drive shock ignition for the laser Megajoule. First, a target design is chosen in the HiPER-like target family generated by scale up and down of the original HiPER target. A first analysis is done considering the 1D fuel assembly and 2D shock ignition by means of the ring at polar angle of 33°2. The intensity profile is top-hat and calculations are done for several different radii. It is shown that larger the radius, lower the minimum spike power is. In addition, the intensity in each quad can stay below 4 × 1014 W/cm2 and is considered non crucial for parametric instabilities such as two plasmons. A 2D analysis of the fuel assembly is done in a second step by considering the two rings located at 49° and 59°5 and their symmetric by the equatorial plane symmetry. It is shown that low mode asymmetries are important at the stagnation and can significantly affect the areal density obtained. Finally, full 2D calculations of shock ignition is done, using all the beams of the LMJ and show that the spike power needed for ignition and gain is increased by a factor greater than 3 regarding the power needed in perfectly isotropic fuel assembly. This increase is mainly due to high level low mode asymmetries generated during fuel assembly.

In this paper, we designed an experiment to research the properties for the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) medium of perfluorocarbon-compounds (PFCs) and perfluoropolyether (PFPE), then we proposed that the selection principle of the high load capacity SBS medium can be used in the high peak power SBS system. The results showed that, for PFCs, perfluorinated hydrocarbons (FC-72) has the highest optical breakdown threshold (OBT); for PFPE, the medium with average molecular weight (AMW) less than 1000 has small medium absorption coefficient (AC) and high OBT, for AMW, greater than 1000, the medium AC becomes high and the OBT becomes low. Further research shows that, for PFPE series SBS medium, the AC increases and the OBT decreases gradually with increasing of AMW. We find some SBS mediums can work stably under high peak power pump, which lays a good foundation for the application of SBS technology in a high-power laser system.

The physical phenomena of plasma plume generation and plasma expansion by target-laser interaction are considered for moderate laser power density. The kinetics of target vaporization, atom ionization, and plasma heating are described. The mechanism of electric sheath formation near the surface, electron emission from the target, and the electrical breakdown phenomena by laser irradiation are analyzed. The plasma expansion is described taking into account the near target plasma structure and the absorption of the laser radiation. The mechanisms accelerating the plasma and generating an electric field in it are discussed. The work reviews experiments and theoretical models and summarizes the results in order to understand the measurements and to discuss open questions. As example, the plasma parameters (electron temperature and density, degree of ionization, and plasma velocity) are calculated for an Ag target using the developed model that considers self-consistently the target heating, kinetics of target evaporation, plasma heating, and ion flux to the target. The calculated ion velocity in the expanding plasma jet is in accordance with the measurement. The ion energy linearly depends on the ion charge state, as observed experimentally.

In this paper, a scheme of compound optical limiting based on nonlinear material dissolved into Brillouin medium is proposed. Both nonlinear material and Brillouin medium used as the solvent play roles of optical limiting, so the proposed optical limiting scheme presents a lower output clamp value and flatter output energy compared with the single stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Compound optical limiting of F16PCCu/acetone is prepared and output energy characteristic based on it is studied in this paper. Both the theoretical and experimental results indicate that the output clamp value and output energy based on the compound method is lower and flatter than that based on single SBS optical limiting. Some properties of the compound optical limiting, such as limiting energy range, limiting waveband, response speed, limiting threshold and damage threshold, also are analyzed and discussed in the later part of this paper.

The optimum convolution of dual short pulse for producing the maximum wakefield and the highest dissociation probability of CH4 has been investigated. By using three fundamental shapes of pulses though four different arrangements, the generated wake are considered in plasma. It is found that when the first and second pulses were rectangular–triangular and sinusoidal pulse shapes, respectively, the resultant wakefield amplitude is the highest. This effect opens up a new novel way by pulse shaping mechanism in the photo dissociation dynamics of molecules and controlling of chemical reactions in the desired channels by short pulse intense lasers for reducing the computation time of genetic algorithm model. Using field assisted dissociation model, the dissociation probability for a CH4+ molecule exposed to a 100 femtosecond 8 Jcm−2 Ti:Sapphire laser pulse is calculated. Here, the highest possible dissociation probability of the methane ion is calculated by the gradient optimization method in which the gradient of a function should be in the direction of the local extremes. The C-H molecular bond of CH4+ ion is assumed to be in the same direction as the electric field component of the laser pulse. These results show that there is an excellent match with experimental data. The remarkable feature of this work is that the sensitivity of the dissociation probability of the initial bond length q, is studied and the desired product channel is controlled by variation of the laser intensity and it's time evolution by introducing a characteristic vectored space for intensity and duration of two tailored rectangular femtosecond laser pulses.

As the development of the pulsed power technology, high voltage pulse transformer (HVPT) is usually used instead of Marx generator as a charging device for the pulse forming line (PFL) of intense electron-beam accelerator (IEBA), and which make the IEBA compact. However, during the operation of the IEBA, the HVPT may be destroyed for the failure of electrical insulation and the over-voltage. So in this paper, the output voltage characteristics of IEBA, characteristics of the voltage at the output terminal of HVPT at four kinds of load conditions are analyzed, including load matching, load short, load open, and surface flashover in the vacuum chamber. It is found that load short, load open, and surface flashover in vacuum chamber will affect the voltage at the output terminal of HVPT, and an oscillation wave could be formed, which affect the electrical insulation of HVPT and decrease the lifetime of HVPT. Meanwhile, the waveform of the load voltage is also modified, especially at the conditions of load open and surface flashover in vacuum chamber. When the load is open, the amplitude of the output main pulse of IEBA is twice the charging voltage of BPFL. However, the amplitude of the output pulse of IEBA is modified by the voltage at the output terminal of HVPT, and the resistance of main switch channel has a great effect on the amplitude of the load voltage. When surface flashover occurs in the vacuum chamber, the pulse duration of the output voltage will be decreased. So, during the operation of IEBA, load short, load open and surface flashover in vacuum chamber should be avoided.

Creation of a preformed plasma (preplasma) by heating laser prepulse is crucial to fast ignition. Because it is difficult to control the prepulse and preplasma, control of fast electron beam generation by low-density foam was recently reported. However, this simulation study ignored the foam preplasma. Therefore, we calculated foam preplasma formation using a hydrodynamic code and investigated the effects of the preplasma on fast ignition by using integrated simulations, including radiation hydrodynamic, Particle-In-Cell (PIC) and Fokker–Planck simulations. We conclude that the average core temperature decreased by approximately 10% in the integrated simulations of the foam preplasma case.

Repetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge with a highly inhomogeneous electric field was investigated in air at atmospheric pressure. Three repetitive nanosecond generators were used, and the rise times of the voltage pulses were 15, 1, and 0.2 ns, respectively. Under different experimental conditions, X-rays and runaway electron beams were directly measured using various setups. The variables affecting X-rays and runaway electrons, including gap distance, pulse repetition frequency, anode geometry, and material, were investigated. It was shown that it was significantly easier to record the X-rays than the runaway electrons in the repetitive nanosecond-pulse discharge. It was confirmed that a volume diffuse discharge was attributed to the generation of runaway electrons and the corresponding X-rays.

Experiments to study the light emission from plasma produced by particle beams are presented. Fundamental aspects in comparison with discharge plasma formation are discussed. It is shown that the formation of excimer molecules is an important process. This paper summarizes various studies of particle beam induced light emission and presents the first results of a direct comparison of light emission induced by electron- and ion beam excitation. Both high energy heavy ion beam and low energy electron beam experiments are described and an overview over applications in the form of light sources, lasers, and ionization devices is given.

A high-current electron-beam accelerator for pumping of a Xe2 lamp was developed. It is intended for injection of an electron beam into cylindrical gas cavity (diameter of 400 mm, length of 1600 mm, and the absolute pressure up to 3 bars). Two electron diodes in parallel are used in the accelerator. Each diode is connected to a linear transformer driver with vacuum insulation of a secondary turn. The next parameters of the accelerator have been obtained: diode voltage — 550–600 kV, diode current — 276–230 kA, current rise time — 160 ns, maximum power of the electron beam — 130 GW, pulse width on half maximum — 160 ns, electron beam energy at power level not less than half of maximum value — 20 kJ. The total energy of electrons, which pass through a 40 µm Ti foil into the Xe cell, is 8–9 kJ in the 150–160 ns pulse (full width at half maximum) mean specific power of energy input into gas cavity is about 330 kW/cm3. Design of the accelerator and test results are presented and discussed in this paper.

This paper presents the development mechanism of surface plasmas of carbon-fiber-cathode electron beam source and its effects on the operation of a high-power microwave source, reflex triode vircator powered by about 400 kV, 9 kA, about 350 ns pulsed power accelerator. Based on the current and voltage characteristics of diodes using carbon fiber cathode, the axial expansion velocity is 1.2 cm/μs and the delay time of explosive emission is 2 ns. Further, the comparison of carbon fiber and stainless steel cathodes is made. It was found that the threshold electric field for carbon fiber cathode is about 25 kV/cm, and the delay time of explosive emission and threshold electric field for stainless steel cathode is, respectively, 4.5 ns and 40 kV/cm. The radial expansion velocity of individual emitting centers is estimated to be 1.2 cm/μs, equal to the axial expansion velocity, and this shows the cathode plasma spots spherically expand. In the optimal diode gap for microwave irradiation or at the average current density of 230 A/cm2 using carbon fiber cathode, the screening radius was 0.67 cm, the lifetime of cathode emitting centers was about 60 ns, the cathode plasma density was 5 × 1015 cm−3, and the Debye radius of cathode plasma was <3 × 10−5 cm−3. The self-quenching behavior of explosive emission centers occurs, due to the process of cathode surface material release and cooling. The generation and self-quenching of emitting centers, and screening effect of cathode plasmas determine the increase and decrease of cathode emitting area, which is independent of the current density and background pressure. The relation between the lifetime of virtual cathode and background pressure was discussed. It was found, both theoretically and experimentally, that a lower background pressure indicates a longer microwave pulse or a better microwave waveform. It was observed by comparison that the temporary behavior of cathode emitting area is similar to the development process of microwave pulse. The changes of emitting area affects the stability of beam current injected into the virtual cathode region, further leading to the fluctuation of microwave pulse of vircator.

This communication presents a comparison of two cases to study the process of laser beam propagation and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) in laser plasma interaction. These two cases are, with imposing the restriction of paraxial approximation on the laser beam and, relaxing this restriction up to a certain extent. In this work, the study done by Sharma et al. (2009) using paraxial approximation is extended by taking contribution of the off-axial rays in the laser beam profile. The spitted profile of the laser beam is obtained due to uneven focusing of the off-axial rays and its effect on localization of the ion acoustic wave (IAW) has been studied. Including the off-axial part of the laser beam semi-analytical solution of the nonlinear coupled IAW equation has been found and this is examined that off-axial part affects background densities. The nonlinear coupling between the laser beam and IAW is severely affected by modified profile of the laser beam. Further, it is investigated that the SBS is also influenced by this coupling process. Therefore, the reflectivity of SBS has been compared with and without contribution of off-axial rays. A notable change is found in the magnitude of SBS reflectivity in modified-paraxial case in comparison to the paraxial case.

The hot spot heating process by an assumed deuteron beam is evaluated in order to estimate the contribution of the energy produced by the deuteron beam-target fusion to the heating process. The deuteron beam energy versus the number of deuterons is evaluated through the experimentally achieved proton beam energy distribution using the TRIDENT short pulse laser at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The corresponding hot spot heating is then calculated using this assumed deuteron beam spectrum. The resulting first order heating dynamics is employed in the expanded “bonus” energy calculation, and a 12.73% extra energy from deuteron beam-target fusion was found with the assumed deuteron spectrum when ρrb = 4.5 g/cm2 is considered, where ρ is the fuel density, and rb is the ion beam focusing radius on the target. The results provide further insight into the contribution of the extra heat produced by deuteron beam-target fusion to the hot spot ignition process. A further analysis of how a converter foil using ultra-high-density cluster materials can help to achieve the yield requirements for ignition is presented.

An advanced cone-nanolayer target with nanolayers on both inside and outside of the hollow-cone tip is proposed. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that laser interaction with such cone-nanolayer targets can efficiently produce fast electron beams with manageable spotsize, and the beams can propagate for a relatively long distance in the vacuum beyond the cone tip.

The Blumlein pulse forming line (BPFL) consisting of an inner coaxial pulse forming line (PFL) and an outer coaxial PFL is widely used in the field of pulsed power, especially for intense electron-beam accelerators (IEBA). The output voltage waveform determines the quality and characteristics of the output beam current of the IEBA. Comparing with the conventional BPFL, an IEBA based on a strip spiral type BPFL can increase the duration of the output voltage in the same geometrical volume. However, for the spiral type BPFL, the voltage waveform on a matched load may be distorted, which influences the electron-beam quality. In this paper, the output waveform of an IEBA based on strip spiral BPFL is analyzed. It is found that there is fluctuation on the flattop of the main pulse, and the flatness is increased with the increment of the output voltage. According to the time integrated pictures of the cathode holder during the operation of the IEBA, the electron emission of the cathode holder is one of the reasons to cause the variance of the flatness. Furthermore, the distribution of the current density of spiral middle cylinder of the BPFL is calculated by using electromagnetic simulation software, and it is obtained that the current density is not uniform, and which leads to the nonuniformity of the impedance of BPFL. Meanwhile, when the nonuniformity of the BPFL is taken into account, the operation of the whole accelerator is simulated using a circuit-simulation code called PSpice. It is obtained that the nonuniformity of the BPFL influences the flatness of the output voltage waveform. In order to get an ideal square pulse voltage waveform and to improve the electron beam quality of such an accelerator, the uniformity of the spiral middle cylinder should be improved and the electron emission of the cathode holder should be avoided. The theoretical analysis and simulated output voltage waveform shows reasonable agreement with that of the experimental results.