Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T00:00:32.023Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Magnetic field-induced signal enhancement in laser-produced lead plasma

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2019

M. Akhtar ,
A. Jabbar ,
N. Ahmed Open the ORCID record for N. Ahmed [Opens in a new window] ,
S. Mehmood ,
Z.A. Umar ,
R. Ahmed  and
M.A. Baig
M. Akhtar
Affiliation:
National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Kashmir
A. Jabbar
Affiliation:
National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Kashmir
N. Ahmed*
Affiliation:
National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Azad Kashmir
S. Mehmood
Affiliation:
Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Kashmir
Z.A. Umar
Affiliation:
National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
R. Ahmed
Affiliation:
National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
M.A. Baig
Affiliation:
National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Azad Kashmir
*
Author for correspondence: N. Ahmed, Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, 13100, Azad Kashmir. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been exploited to investigate the laser-produced lead plasma with and without external magnetic field. Plasma on the lead surface was generated by focusing a beam of a Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). An external magnetic field was applied across the laser-produced plasma; its value was varied from 0.3 to 0.7 T and the time-integrated spectra were captured at different time delays. Maximum enhancement in the neutral and ionic line intensities have been observed at 130 mJ laser energy. The neutral line of Pb at 368.34 nm reveals an enhancement factor of nearly 1.3, 1.6, and 2.3 at 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 T, whereas the Pb ionic line at 424.49 nm shows enhancement factor of approximately 2.8 and 4.2 at 0.3 and 0.7 T. The magnetic field effects on various plasma parameters such as plasma temperature, electron number density, and emission line intensities have also been investigated. The plasma parameter “β” is found to be <1 in all the experimental conditions which signifies that the enhancement in the signal intensity is due to the plasma confinement. The increase in the emission signal intensity, number density as well as plasma temperature is observed with increasing laser energy and magnetic field. The spatial and temporal behavior reveals that the plasma temperature and electron number density decrease slowly in the applied magnetic field due to the deceleration of the plasma plume. The optimized conditions for the maximum plasma confinement and the emission intensity enhancement are observed at 130 mJ laser energy at 0.7 T magnetic field.

Keywords

LIBSmagnetic confinement of Pb plasmaoptical emissionplasma parameterssignal intensity enhancement
Type
Research Article
Information
Laser and Particle Beams , Volume 37 , Issue 1 , March 2019 , pp. 67 - 78
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahamer, CM and Pedarnig, JD (2018) Femtosecond double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: investigation of the intensity enhancement. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 148, 23–30.Google Scholar
Ahmed, R, Iqbal, J and Baig, MA (2015) Effects of laser wavelengths and pulse energy ratio on the emission enhancement in dual pulse LIBS. Laser Physics Letters 12, 066102.Google Scholar
Ahmed, N, Umar, ZA, Ahmed, R and Baig, MA (2017) On the elemental analysis of different cigarette brands using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser-ablation time of flight mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 136, 39–44.Google Scholar
Ahmed, N, Ahmed, R and Baig, MA (2018a) Analytical analysis of different karats of gold using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation time of flight mass spectrometer (LA-TOF-MS). Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 38, 207–222.Google Scholar
Ahmed, N, Ahmed, R, Umar, ZA, Liaqat, U, Manzoor, U and Baig, MA (2018b) Qualitative and quantitative analyses of copper ores collected from Baluchistan, Pakistan using LIBS and LA-TOF-MS. Applied Physics B 124, 160.Google Scholar
Akhtar, M, Jabbar, A, Mehmood, S, Ahmed, N, Ahmed, R and Baig, MA (2018) Magnetic field enhanced detection of heavy metals in soil using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 148, 143–151.Google Scholar
Alonso-Medina, A (2008) Experimental determination of the Stark widths of Pb I spectra lines in a laser-induced plasma. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 63, 598–602.Google Scholar
Amin, S, Bashir, S, Anjum, S, Akram, M, Hayat, A, Waheed, S, Iftikhar, H, Dawood, A and Mahmood, K (2017) Optical emission spectroscopy of magnetically confined laser induced vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) plasma. Physics of Plasmas 24, 083112.Google Scholar
Arshad, A, Bashir, S, Hayat, A, Akram, M, Khalid, A, Yaseen, N and Ahmad, QS (2016) Effect of magnetic field on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of graphite plasma. Applied Physics B 122, 1.Google Scholar
Bittencourt, JA (1986) Fundamentals of Plasma Physics. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Borgia, I, Burgio, LMF, Corsi, M, Fantoni, R, Pallechi, V, Salvetti, A, Squarcialupi, MS and Togoni, E (2000) Self calibrated quantitative elemental analysis by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Application to pigment analysis. Journal of Cultural Heritage 1, 281–286.Google Scholar
Cabalin, and Laserna, (1998) Experimental determination of laser induced breakdown thresholds of metals under nanosecond Q-switched laser operation. Spectrochim Acta B 53, 723–730Google Scholar
Chen, FF (1974) Introduction to Plasma Physics. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Cristoforetti, G, Legnaioli, S, Palleschi, V, Tognoni, E and Benedetti, PA (2008) Observation of different mass removal regimes during the laser ablation of an aluminum target in air. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 23, 1518–1528.Google Scholar
Cristoforetti, G, De Giacomo, A, Dell'Aglio, M, Legnaioli, S, Togoni, E, Palleschi, V and Omenetto, N (2010) Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields. Spectrochim Acta B 65, 86–95.Google Scholar
Dawood, A, Bashir, S, Akram, M, Hayat, A, Ahmed, S, Iqbal, MH and Kazmi, AH (2015) Effect of nature and pressure of ambient environments on the surface morphology, plasma parameters, hardness, and corrosion resistance of laser-irradiated Mg-alloy. Laser and Particle Beams 33, 315–330.Google Scholar
De Giacomo, A, Dell'Aglio, M, De Pascale, O, Longo, S and Capitelli, M (2007) Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy on meteorites. Spectrochimica Acta B 62, 1606–1611.Google Scholar
Diwakar, PK and Hahn, DW (2008) Study of early laser-induced plasma dynamics: Transient electron density gradients via Thomson scattering and Stark Broadening, and the implications on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 63, 1038–1046.Google Scholar
Galmed, AH and Harith, MA (2008) Temporal follow up of the LTE conditions in aluminum laser induced plasma at different laser energies. Applied Physics B 91, 651.Google Scholar
Goyer, RA (1990) Lead toxicity: from overt to subclinical to subtle health Health. Perspective 86, 177–181.Google Scholar
Griem, HR (1964) Plasma Spectroscopy. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Griem, HR (1997) Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hahn, DW and Lunden, MM (2000) Detection an analysis of aerosol particles by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Aerosol Science and Technology 33, 30–48.Google Scholar
Hanafi, M, Omar, MM and Gamal, YD (2000) Study of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of gases. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 57, 11–20.Google Scholar
Harilal, SS, Bindhu, CV, Nampoori, VPN and Vallabhan, CPG (1998a) Influence of ambient gas on the temperature and density of laser produced carbon plasma. Applied Physics Letters 72, 167–169.Google Scholar
Harilal, SS, Tillack, MS, Shay, BO, Bindhu, CV and Najmabadi, F (2004) Confinement and dynamics of laser-produced plasma expanding across a transverse magnetic field. Physical Review E 69, (026413–1)–(026413-11).Google Scholar
Hutchinson, IH (2002) Principles of Plasma Diagnostics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Joshi, H, Kumar, A, Singh, R and Prahlad, V (2010) Effect of a transverse magnetic field on the plume emission in laser-produced plasma. An atomic analysis. Spectrochim Acta B: Atomic Spectroscopy 65, 415–419.Google Scholar
Li, Y, Hu, CH, Zhang, HZ, Jiang, Z and Li, ZS (2009) Optical emission enhancement of laser-produced copper plasma under a steady magnetic field. Applied Optics 48, B105.Google Scholar
Lochte-Holtgreven, W (1995) Plasma Diagnostics. New York, USA: AIP Press.Google Scholar
Mason, KJ and Goldberg, JM (1991) Characterization of a laser plasma in a pulsed magnetic field. Part I: Spatially Resolved Emission Studies. Applied Spectroscopy 45, 370–379.Google Scholar
Mcwhirter, RWP (1965) Spectral intensities. In Huddlestone, RH and Leonard, SL (eds), Plasma Diagnostic Techniques, Chapter 5, p. 201. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Michel, APM, Lawrence-Snyder, M, Angel, SM and Chave, AD (2007) Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of bulk aqueous solution at oceanic pressures evaluation of key measurement parameters. Applied Optics 46, 2507–2515.Google Scholar
Neogi, A and Thareja, R (1999) Laser-produced carbon plasma expanding in vacuum, low pressure ambient gas and non-uniform magnetic field. Physics of Plasmas 6, 365–371.Google Scholar
Pandey, PK and Thareja, RK (2011) Plume dynamics and cluster formation in laser-ablated copper plasma in a magnetic field. Journal of Applied Physics 109, 074901.Google Scholar
Rafique, MS, Khaleeq- ur- Rahman, M, Riaz, I, Jalil, R and Farid, N (2008) External magnetic field effect on plume images X-ray emission from a nanosecond laser produced plasma. Laser Part Beams 26, 217–224.Google Scholar
Rai, VN, Shukla, M and Pant, HC (1999) An x-ray biplanar photodiode and the x-ray emission from magnetically confined laser produced plasma. Pramana Journal of Physics 52, 49–65.Google Scholar
Rai, VN, Rai, AK, Yueh, FY and Singh, JP (2003) Optical emission from laser-induced breakdown plasma of solid and liquid samples in the presence of a magnetic field. Applied Optics 42, 2085.Google Scholar
Roy, A, Harilal, SS, Hassan, SM, Endo, A and Mocek Tand Hassanein, A (2015) Collimation of laser-produced plasmas using axial magnetic field. Laser and Particle Beams 33, 175–182.Google Scholar
Scaffidi, J, Pearman, W, Carter, JC and Angel, SM (2006) Observations in collinear femtosecond- nanosecond dual pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy 60(1), 65–71.Google Scholar
Shen, X, Lu, Y, Gebre, aT, Ling, H and Han, Y (2006) Optical emission in magnetically confined laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physics 100, 053303.Google Scholar
Singh, KS and Sharma, AK (2016) Spatially resolved behavior of laser-produced copper plasma along expansion direction in the presence of static uniform magnetic field. Physics of Plasmas 23, 122104.Google Scholar
Singh, KS and Sharma, AK (2017) Time-integrated optical emission studies on laser-produced copper plasma in the presence of magnetic field in air ambient at atmospheric pressure. Applied Physics A: Solids and Surfaces 123, 325.Google Scholar
Stratis, DN, Eland, KL and Angel, SM (2000) Enhancement of aluminum, titanium, and iron in glass using preablation spark dual-pulse LIBS. Applied Spectroscopy 54(12), 1719–1726.Google Scholar
Sturm, V, Peter, L and Nol, R (2000) Steel analysis with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet. Applied Spectroscopy 54, 1275–1278.Google Scholar
Sudo, S, Sekiguchi, T and Sato, KN (1978) Re-thermalization and flow of laser-produced plasmas in a uniform magnetic field. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 11, 389–407.Google Scholar
Teo, J, Goh, K, Ahuja, A, Ng, H and Poon, W (1997) Intracranial vascular calcifications, glioblastoma multiforme, and lead poisoning. American Journal of Neuroradiology 18, 576–579.Google Scholar
Thurmer, K, Williams, E and Robey, R (2002) Autocatalytic oxidation of lead crystallite. Surfaces Science 297(5589), 2033–2035.Google Scholar
Wainner, RT, Harmon, RS, Miziolek, AW, Mcnesby, KL and French, PD (2001) Analysis of environmental lead contamination: comparison of LIBS field and Laboratory instruments. Spectrochimica Acta, part B 56, 777.Google Scholar