Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T19:59:47.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Standards of English and politics of inclusion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2008

Adrian Holliday*
Affiliation:
Canterbury Christ Church University, [email protected]

Abstract

Standards of English for English language teacher education need to consider political as well as linguistic factors. Any definition of such standards on the basis of speakerhood would immediately fall into the trap of native-speakerist discrimination, which is intensified by unspoken associations with ‘ethnicity’. Who can be recognized as ‘native speaker’ or ‘near-native speaker’ is not simply a matter of language. Any definition of English standards must therefore acknowledge an alternative established belief that all users of English can claim ownership of the language. This factor is, however, complicated by the recent suggestions that there can be a non-aligned, international English lingua franca, themselves being perceived as Centre-driven. Standards must therefore be convincingly de-Centred, and must allow those who consider themselves Periphery to take Centre-stage. They must be cosmopolitan, non-centred, professional, earned, prestigious and cultured.

Type
Plenary Speeches
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amin, N. 1999. Minority women teachers of ESL: Negotiating white English. In Braine, G. (ed.), Non-native educators in English language teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 93104.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. 2003. The dominant discourse in British EFL: The methodological contradictions of a professional culture. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Language Studies, Canterbury Christ Church University.Google Scholar
Beck, U. & Sznaider, N. 2006. Unpacking cosmopolitanism for the social sciences: A research agenda. The British Journal of Sociology 57.1, 123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhabha, H. 1994. The location of culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Braine, G. 1999. Non-native educators in English language teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S. 1999. On EFL teachers, awareness and agency. ELT Journal 53.3, 207214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canagarajah, S. 2006. Changing communicative needs, revised assessment objectives: Testing English as an international language. Language Assessment Quarterly 3.3, 229242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, D. 1994. Introduction: The challenge of the sociology of culture to sociology as discipline. In Crane, (ed.) (1994a), 119.Google Scholar
Crane, D. (ed.) 1994a. The sociology of culture. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Davies, A. 2006. The native speaker in applied linguistics. In Davies, A. & Elder, C. (eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 431450.Google Scholar
Delanty, G. 2006. The cosmopolitan imagination: Critical cosmopolitanism and social theory. British Journal of Sociology 57.1, 2547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grande, E. 2006. Cosmopolitan political science. The British Journal of Sociology 57.1, 87111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliday, A. 1994. Appropriate methodology and social context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holliday, A. 1999. Small cultures. Applied Linguistics 20.2, 237264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holliday, A. 2005. The struggle to teach English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. 2000. The phonology of English as an international language: New models, new norms, new goals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. 2006. Global intelligibility and local diversity: Possibility or paradox? In Rudby, R. & Saraceni, M. (eds.), English in the world. London: Continuum, 3239.Google Scholar
Kabbani, R. 1988. Devise and rule: Europe's myths of orient. London: Pandora Press.Google Scholar
Kamal, A. 2006. The challenges and experiences of teaching in Kuwait. Presented at Cutting Edges: Classrooms, People and Cultures; Department of Language Studies, Canterbury Christ Church University.Google Scholar
Kubota, R. 2002. (Un)ravelling racism in a nice field like TESOL. TESOL Quarterly 36.1, 8492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubota, R., Bashir-Ali, K., Canagarajah, S., Kamhi-Stein, L., Lee, E. & Shin, H. 2005. Race and (non)nativeness in English language teaching: A brief report. NNEST Newsletter 7.2.Google Scholar
Kumaravadivelu, B. 2003. Problematizing cultural stereotypes in TESOL. TESOL Quarterly 37.4, 709719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumaravadivelu, B. 2007. Cultural globalization and language education. Yale, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kuo, I-C. 2006. Addressing the issue of teaching English as a lingua franca. ELT Journal 60.3, 213–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lankshear, C., Gee, P. J., Knobel, M. & Searle, C. 1997. Changing literacies. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Latour, B. 2006. War of the worlds – what about peace? <http://www.btgjapan.org/catalysts/bruno.html> accessed 17/7/07.+accessed+17/7/07.>Google Scholar
Maley, A. 2006. Questions of English. English Teaching Professional 46, 46.Google Scholar
Nayar, B. 2002. Ideological binarism in the identities of native and non-native English speakers. In Duszac, A. (ed.), Us and others: Social identities across languages, discourse and cultures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 463480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, A. 1998. English and the discourses of colonialism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pennycook, A. (2003). Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and performativity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7.4, 513533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrić, B. 2006. ‘[I thought I was an Easterner; it turns out I am a Westerner!’: Migrant teachers in changing educational contexts. Presented at Cutting Edges: Classrooms, Cultures and People; Department of Language Studies, Canterbury Christ Church University.Google Scholar
Rajagopalan, K. 1999. Of EFL teachers, conscience and cowardice. ELT Journal 53.3, 200206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Said, E. 1978. Orientalism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Said, E. 2003. Preface to Orientalism. Al-Ahram weekly online: 7 – 13 August Issue No. 650. <http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/650/op11.htm> accessed 1/6/03.+accessed+1/6/03.>Google Scholar
Saraceni, M. 2007. What is English? – A critique of the relocation of English. Presented at the 41st IATEFL Annual Conference, Aberdeen.Google Scholar
Schudson, M. 1994. Culture and the integration of national societies. In Crane, (ed.) (1994a), 1–3.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, B. 2002. Habeas corpus and divide et empera: ‘Global’ English and applied linguistics. In Miller, K. Spellman & Thompson, P. (eds.), Unity and diversity in language use. London: BAAL and Continuum, 198220.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, B. 2006. English as a lingua franca in the expanding circle: What it isn't. In Rubdy, R. & Saraceni, M. (eds.), English in the world. London: Continuum, 4050.Google Scholar
Shao, T. 2005. Teaching English in China: NNESTS need not apply. NNEST Newsletter 7.2.Google Scholar
Shuck, G. 2002. Constructing the non-native speaker in everyday discourse. Presented at the AAAL Annual Conference (Re)interpreting Applied Linguistics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.Google Scholar