¹ Barfield, Thomas J., The Central Asian Arabs of Afghanistan (Austin, 1981), pp. 5–6.Google Scholar

² Although such works as Field's, Henry Anthropology of Iran (Chicago, 1939) devoted substantial attention to physical anthropology, much of this work was inconclusive.Google Scholar

³ Schuyler, Even Eugene, in Turkestan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkestan, Khokand, Bokhara, and Kaldja (London, 1876), p. 110, in the mid-nineteenth century described the Arabic as “debased and corrupted.”Google Scholar

⁴ Lombard, M., Les Textiles dans le Monde Muselman (Paris, 1978), p. 294fGoogle Scholar

⁵ Topham, John, Traditional Crafts of Saudi Arabia (London, 1981),Google Scholar and Hilden, Joy May, ‘Beduin textiles of Saudi Arabia,’ Oriental Carpet and Textile Studies, IV, (Berkeley, 1993), pp. 221–32, have both recently published excellent materials.Google Scholar

⁶ Topham, , op. cit., p. 61.Google Scholar

⁷ Worrell, William H., “On certain Arabic terms for Rug,” Ars Islamica, I, (1935), pp. 209–22. The author discusses use of the words, bisat, tinfasa, zarbiya, and mahfura, concluding that tinfasa is a loan word from Aramaic and is an “ancient international commercial word” referring to nap or pile.Google Scholar

⁸ Ochsenschlager, E. L., “Village weavers: ethnoarchaeology at al-Hiba,” Bulletin of Sumerian Agriculture, III (1987), pp. 43–62.Google Scholar

⁹ Conversations conducted by Murray L. Eiland, Jr. with Joy May Hilden and John Topham, generated no proof that the technique of tying the knot over four warps is the earliest, indigenous style. This assumption is based on the observation that the designs that seem most likely to be indigenous appear in this technique.

¹⁰ These coarsely woven pile rugs are further stabilized by the use of weft twining, which is, so far as I am aware, used nowhere else in the Near East.

¹¹ Moshkova, V. G., Carpets of the Peoples of Central Asia (Tashkent, 1979), p. 509. An English translation of this important work, by Bradley, David and Virgin, Louise, was published in Oriental Rug Review in instalments throughout Volumes III and IV. The Arabs of the Kashkadarya Oblast were discussed in Vol. III, No. 12, and the page numbers refer to this rather than the original publication.Google Scholar

¹² Logofet, D. N., Bukharskoe Khantsvoc pod Russkim Protectoratum, i (1911), pp. 174ff.Google Scholar

¹³ Barthold, V. V., Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (London, 1928), pp. 94–6, 182–6.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Clavijo, R. G., Clavijo's Embassy to Tamerlane, tr. Le Strange, G. (London, 1928), pp. 287–8.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Akiner, Shirin, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union (London, 1983), pp. 366–7.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Frye, Richard, The Golden Age of Persia: The Arabs in the East (London, 1975), p. 25.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Barfield, , op. cit., p. 4.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Schuyler, , op. cit., p. 110Google Scholar

¹⁹ Semenov, A. A., “Kovry Russkogo Turkestana,” Ethnograficheskoe Obozrenie, 1911, Nos 88–9, p. 9.Google Scholar

²⁰ This is quoted from the translation of Moshkova, , (op. cit., p. 510) where it is quoted from “The rug production of the Transcaspian Oblast and neighboring countries,” Zakaspiiskoe obozrenie, no. 5 (1905).Google Scholar

²¹ O'Bannon, George, “What we can learn from anthropologists,” Oriental Rug Review (Sept. 1983), pp. 24–6.Google Scholar

²² Topham, , op. cit., p. 60.Google Scholar

²³ Moshkova, , op. cit., p. 510.Google Scholar

²⁴ Semenov, , op. cit., p. 13.Google Scholar

²⁵ Gavrilov, M. F., “The weaving art of the Uzbeki women of Milyabad village,” Trudy SAGU (Tashkent, 1929), pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

²⁶ Grebenkin, A. D., “Uzbeki,” Russkii Turkestan (Moscow, 1972), p. 57.Google Scholar

²⁷ Moshkova, , op. cit., p. 327.Google Scholar

²⁸ Moshkova, , op. cit., p. 510.Google Scholar

²⁹ Field, , op. cit., p. 213.Google Scholar

³⁰ Dudin, S. M., “Carpet products of Central Asia’, Anthropology of the USSR Academy of Sciences Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, vol. 7 (Leningrad, 1928), p. 138.Google Scholar

³¹ Personal communication from Murray L. Eiland, Jr., who dealt with a variety of Kabul dealers from 1971 through 1979.

³² Barfield, , op. cit., p. 6.Google Scholar

³³ Barfield, , op. cit., p. 6.Google Scholar

³⁴ Barfield, , op. cit., p. 4.Google Scholar

³⁵ Barfield, , op. cit., p. 54–5.Google Scholar

³⁶ Personal communication from James Opie, a Portland, U.S.A., dealer in tribal rugs.

³⁷ Field, , op. cit., p. 213.Google Scholar

³⁸ Edwards, A. C., The Persian Carpet (London, 1953), p. 288.Google Scholar

³⁹ Field, , op. cit., p. 213.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Edwards, , op. cit., p. 285.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Edwards, , op. cit., pp. 295–300.Google Scholar

⁴² Gluck, Jay and Gluck, Sumi Hiramoto, A Survey of Persian Handiaraft (Tehran, 1977), pp. 309, 311.Google Scholar

⁴³ A search through the bazaar for Arab woven products is not a substitute for more intensive field work among this group - which apparently no one has undertaken to this time - but that course was not available to us in 1992.

⁴⁴ Housego, Jenny, Tribal Rugs (New York, 1978), has published a rug as Plate 26 identified as Basiri.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Edwards, , op. cit., pp. 187–8, 196.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Mallett, Maria, “Tracking the archetype: technique-generated and their mutant offspring,” Oriental Rug Review (Dec./Jan., 1993/1994), PP. 10–25. Mallett discusses the relationship between design and technique, suggesting that certain designs naturally follow from the limitations of the technique.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Tapper, Richard, Some Minorities in the Middle East (London, 1992), p. 1–5, provides an excellent introduction to the status of minorities in the Near East.Google Scholar