Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T07:58:21.821Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Why should teachers cultivate resilience through mindfulness?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 September 2021

Michelle M. Neumann
Affiliation:
School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Sarah Tillott*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr Sarah Tillott School of Nursing, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia. Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The concept of resilience and mindfulness is becoming increasingly popular in schools worldwide in response to critical issues such as escalating teacher stress and burnout. This article explores the concept of mindfulness as a supportive practice to build resilience in times of stress in relation to reducing or preventing teacher burnout. It aims to provide practical strategies for psychologists and counsellors in schools to empower teachers with coping strategies when encountering stress. What current research literature reveals about the effectiveness of resilience and mindfulness for supporting the wellbeing of preservice and inservice teachers is discussed. Overall, the research shows that practising mindfulness to build resilience is beneficial because it helps teachers focus on the present and improves attention, self-awareness and emotional regulation, which can reduce stress and enhance wellbeing. However, further empirical studies are needed to provide deeper insights of these benefits for teachers. Recommendations for psychologists and counsellors in supporting teachers on practising mindfulness and resilience are provided.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albrecht, N., Albrecht, P., & Cohen, M. (2012). Mindfully teaching in the classroom: A literature review. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37, 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ancona, M.R., & Mendelson, T. (2014). Feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a yoga and mindfulness intervention for school teachers. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 7, 156170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardiati, S.S. (2019). Effectiveness mindful teaching to improve teacher happiness. International Journal for Educational Studies, 11, 109125.Google Scholar
Baer, R. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125143.Google Scholar
Baer, R.A., Smith, G.T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J.M. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and non-meditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329342. http://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, N.W., Owen, J., Hassed, C.S., Chambers, R.H., Jones, A., & Wootten, A. (2018). Evidence based guidelines for mindfulness in schools: A guide for teachers and principals. Smiling Mind. https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/evidence-based-guidelines-for-mindfulness-in-schools-a-guide-for- Google Scholar
Beitel, M., Ferrer, E., & Cecero, J.J. (2005). Psychological mindedness and awareness of self and others. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 739750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernay, R. (2012). Mindfulness and the beginning teacher [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Auckland University of Technology. https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/handle/10292/4497 Google Scholar
Bernay, R. (2014). Mindfulness and the beginning teacher. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39, 5869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernay, R. Graham, E. Devich, D.A., Rix, G., & Rubie-Davies, C.M. (2016). Pause, breathe, smile: A mixed methods study of student well-being following participation in an eight week locally developed mindfulness program in three New Zealand schools. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 9, 90106. doi: 10.1080/1754730X.2016.1154474 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, R. (2017). The perceived impact of mindfulness instruction on pre-service elementary teachers. Childhood Education, 93, 136146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, K.W., & Ryan, R.M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, K.W., Ryan, R.M., & Creswell, J.D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmody, J., & Baer, R.A. (2009). How long does a mindfulness-based stress reduction program need to be? A review of class contact hours and effect sizes for psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 627638. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiesa, A., & Serreti, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: A review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15, 593600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crain, T.L., Schonert-Reichl, K.A., & Roeser, R.W. (2017). Cultivating teacher mindfulness: Effects of a randomised controlled trial on work, home and sleep outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22, 138152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, R., & McEwen, B. (2012). Social influences on neuroplasticity: Stress and interventions to promote well-being. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 689695. http://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3093 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Vibe, M., Bjørndal, A., Tipton, E., Hammerstrøm, K.T., & Kowalski, K. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for improving health, quality of life and social functioning in adults. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 3. doi:10.4073/csr.2012.3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dusek, J.A., Otu, H.H., Wohlhueter, A.L., Bhasin, M., Zerbini, L.F., Joseph, M.G., Benson, H., & Libermann, T.A. (2008). Genomic counter-stress changes induced by the relaxation response. PLoS ONE, 3, e2576. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002576 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emerson, L.M., Leyland, A., Hudson, K., Rowse, G., Hanley, P., & Hugh-Jones, S. (2017). Teaching mindfulness to teachers: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Mindfulness, 8, 11361149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flook, L., Goldberg, S.B., Pinger, L., Bonus, K., & Davidson, R.J. (2013). Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on stress, burnout, and teaching efficacy. Mind, Brain, and Education, 7, 182195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fogarty, F. (2009). A comparison of mindfulness meditators and non-meditators following writing about negative emotional memories: Are their psychological and physiological responses different? [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Auckland.Google Scholar
Garmezy, N. (1991a). Resilience in children’s adaptation to negative life events and stressed environments. Pediatric Annals, 20, 459460, 463–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garmezy, N. (1991b). Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34, 416430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gless, J., & Moir, E. (2004). Beyond retention: Mentoring new teachers for instructional excellence. Santa Cruz New Teacher Center, University of California.Google Scholar
Gold, E., Smith, A., Hopper, I., Herne, D., Tansey, G., & Hulland, C. (2010). Mindfulness Based StressReduction (MBSR) for primary school teachers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 184. doi: 10.1007/s10826-009-9344-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouda, S., Luong, M.T., Schmidt, S., & Bauer, J. (2016). Students and teachers benefit from mindfulness-based stress reduction in a school-embedded pilot study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 590. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00590 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 3543. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grotberg, E.H. (1997). The International Resilience Project: Findings from the research and the effectiveness of interventions. In B. Bain et al. (Eds.), Psychology and education in the 21st century: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Convention of the International Council of Psychologists. IC Press.Google Scholar
Hanh, T.N. (2011). Planting seeds: Practicing mindfulness with children. Parallax Press.Google Scholar
Headspace. (2019). Headspace: Meditation & Sleep [Mobile app]. Headspace Inc. https://apps.apple.com/au/app/headspace-meditation-sleep/id493145008 Google Scholar
Hooker, K., & Fodor, I.E. (2008). Teaching mindfulness to children. Gestalt Review, 12, 7591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hue, M., & Lau, N. (2015). Promoting well-being and preventing burnout in teacher education: A pilot study of a mindfulness-based programme for pre-service teachers in Hong Kong. Teacher Development, 19, 381401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, Y.S., Bartlett, B., Greben, M., & Hand, K. (2017). A systematic review of mindfulness interventions for in-service teachers: A tool to enhance wellbeing and performance. Teaching and Teacher Education, 64, 2642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, P.A. (2015). Early childhood teachers’ wellbeing, mindfulness, and self-compassion in relation to classroom quality and attitudes towards challenging students. Mindfulness, 6, 732743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, P.A., Frank, J.L., Snoberg, K.E., Coccia, M.A., & Greenberg, M.T. (2013). Improving classroom learning environments by cultivating awareness and resilience in education (CARE): Results of a randomised controlled trial. School Psychology Quarterly, 28, 374390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, P.A., & Greenberg, M.T. (2009). The prosocial classroom: teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 79, 491525. doi: 10.3102/00346543083256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jha, A.P., Krompinger, J., & Baimer, M.J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 109119. doi: 10.3758/cabn.7.2.109. http://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.7.2.109 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jimenez, S.S., Niles, B.L., & Park, C.L. (2010). A mindfulness model of affect regulation and depressive symptoms: Positive emotions, mood regulation expectancies, and self-acceptance as regulatory mechanisms. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 645650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hyperion.Google Scholar
Kerr, S.L., Lucas, L.J., Didomenico, G.E., Mishra, V., Stanton, B.J., Shivde, G., Pero, A.N., Runyen, M.E., & Terry, G.M. (2017). Is mindfulness training useful for pre-service teachers? An exploratory investigation. Teacher Education, 28, 349359.Google Scholar
Klingbeil, D.A., & Renshaw, T.L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for teachers: A meta-analysis of the emerging evidence based. School Psychology Quarterly, 33, 501511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostanski, M. (2007, November). The role of mindfulness in reducing stress for pre-service students [Paper presentation]. Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Cedefop, Greece.Google Scholar
Lazar, S.W., Kerr, C.E., Wasserman, R.H., Gray, J.R., Greve, D.N., Treadway, M.T., McGarvey, M., Quinn, B.T., Dusek, J.A., Benson, H., Rauch, S.L., Moore, C.I., & Fischl, B. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16, 18931897. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lutz, J., Herwig, U., Opialla, S., Hittmeyer, A., Jancke, L., Rufer, M., Grosse Holtforth, M., & Bruhl, A.B. (2014). Mindfulness and emotion regulation — An fMRI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 776785. doi: 10.1093/scan/nst043 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A.S., & Coatsworth, J.D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003066x.53.2.205 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeering, P., & Hwang, Y.S. (2019). A systematic review of mindfulness-based school interventions with early adolescents, Mindfulness, 4, 593610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napoli, M. (2004) Mindfulness training for teachers: A pilot program. Complementary Health Practice Review, 9, 3142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulin, P.A., Mackenzie, C.S., Soloway, G., & Karayolas, E. (2008). Mindfulness training as an evidenced-based approach to reducing stress and promoting wellbeing among human services professionals. International Journal of Health Promotion & Education, 46, 7280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2008.10708132 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renshaw, T.L., Fischer, A.J., & Klingbeil, D.A. (2017). Mindfulness-based intervention in school psychology. Contemporary School Psychology, 21, 299303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-017-0166-6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roeser, R.W., Skinner, E., Beers, J., & Jennings, P.A. (2012). Mindfulness training and teachers’ professional development: An emerging area of research and practice. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 167173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rupprecht, S., Paulus, P., & Walach, H. (2017). Mind the teachers! The impact of mindfulness training on self-regulation and classroom performance in a sample of German school teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 6, 565581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children’s responses to stress and disadvantage. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 8, 324338.Google ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M. (2007). Resilience, competence, and coping. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 205 209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schussler, D.L., Deweese, A., Rasheed, D., Demauro, A., Brown, J. Greenberg., A., & Jennings, P.A. (2018). Stress and release: Case studies of teacher resilience following a mindfulness-based intervention. American Journal of Education, 125, 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semple, R.J., Reid, E.F.G. & Miller, L. (2005). Treating anxiety with mindfulness: An open trial of mindfulness training for anxious children. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 19, 379392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, S.L., Oman, D., Thoresen, C.E., Plante, T.G., & Flinders, T. (2008). Cultivating mindfulness: Effects on well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 840862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smiling Mind. (2019). Smiling Mind app: Meditation for all ages. [Mobile app]. https://apps.apple.com/au/app/smiling-mind/id560442518.Google Scholar
Taylor, C., Harrison, J., Haimovitz, K., Oberle, E., Thomson, K., Schonert-Reichi, K., & Roeser, R.W. (2016). Examining ways that a mindfulness-based intervention reduces stress in public school teachers: A mixed-methods study. Mindfulness, 7, 115129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tillott, S. (2019). An investigation into the elements of resilience that children identify from reading Game ON [Doctoral thesis]. University of Wollongong. https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1556&context=theses1 Google Scholar
Tillott, S. (2020). Adaptive and maladaptive traits of resilience. Teacher Magazine. https://www.teachermagazine.com/au_en/articles/adaptive-and-maladaptive-traits of-resilienceGoogle Scholar
Tillott, S., & Neumann, M. (2020). Classroom strategies for building resilience. Teacher Magazine. https://www.teachermagazine.com.au/articles/classroom-strategies-for-building-resilience Google Scholar
Tillott, S., Weatherby-Fell, N., Pearson, P., & Neumann, M.M. (2021). Using storytelling to unpack resilience theory in accordance with an internationally recognised resilience framework with primary school children. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2021.5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungar, M. (2013). Resilience, trauma, context, and culture. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 14, 255266. doi: 10.1177/1524838013487805 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vago, D.R., & Silbersweig, D.A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness: The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 15431555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wayne, P. (2021, May 7). Ecology of the mnd [Podcast]. Mind & Life. https://podcast.mindandlife.org/peter-wayne/ Google Scholar
Werner, K., & Gross, J.J. (2009). Emotion regulation and pathology: A conceptual framework. In Gross, J.J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 1337). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Willis, J. (2007). Introduction to ME: Mindfulness Education program. Goldie Hawn Foundation.Google Scholar
Yaari, M., Sheehan, J., Oberklaid, F., & Hiscock, H. (2019). Early minds: A pilot randomised controlled trial of a mindfulness program in early learning centres. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 5, 110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed