Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T03:17:29.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Maladaptive Perfectionism, Acculturative Stress and Depression in Asian International University Students

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2016

Shaun L. Huang
Affiliation:
School of Health Science, University of Ballarat, Australia
Alexander J. Mussap*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
*
address for correspondence: Alexander Mussap, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia. Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Despite the advantages of international study — to the student, the university, and the local community — studies have reported an increased risk of stress-related psychological problems in international students. We surveyed 384 Asian international students (189 female, 193 male, 2 undeclared; aged 17 to 47 years) attending Australian universities in order to examine whether depressive symptoms in these students are related to their trait maladaptive perfectionism and the extent to which they have experienced acculturative stress while in Australia. Path analyses suggest that maladaptive perfectionism influences depression indirectly by increasing acculturative stress (mediation model) and to a lesser extent by interacting positively with acculturative stress (moderation model). The results reveal ways in which maladaptive perfectionism can affect the wellbeing of Asian international students experiencing adjustment-related stress.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Australia Education International. (2010). International student data. Australian Education International. Retrieved from http://aei.gov.au/AEI/Statistics/StudentEnrolmentAndVisaStatistics/Default.htm.Google Scholar
Bhandari, R., & Blumenthal, P. (Eds.). (2010 ). International students and global mobility in higher education: National trends and new directions. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Castro, J.R., & Rice, K.G. (2003). Perfectionism and ethnicity: Implications for depressive symptoms and self-reported academic achievement. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 6478.Google Scholar
Chang, E.C. (2000). Perfectionism as a predictor of positive and negative psychological outcomes: Examining a mediation model in younger and older adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 1826Google Scholar
Cheng, R., & Erben, A. (2012). Language anxiety: Experiences of Chinese graduate students at U.S. higher institutions. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16, 477497.Google Scholar
Constantine, M.G., Okazaki, S., & Utsey, S.O. (2004). Self-concealment, social self-efficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 230241.Google Scholar
Cox, B.J., & Enns, M.W. (2003). Relative stability of dimensions of perfectionism in depression. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 35, 124132.Google Scholar
Cross, S. (1995). Self-construals, coping, and stress in cross-cultural adaptation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 673697.Google Scholar
Eustace, R. (2008). Factors influencing acculturative stress among international students in the United States. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.Google Scholar
Félix-Ortiz, M. (1999). Acculturative stress is important in drug use but is limited to explaining immigrants' drug use. PsycCRITIQUES, 44, 220224.Google Scholar
Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L., Blankstein, K.R., & Gray, L. (1998). Psychological distress and the frequency of perfectionistic thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 13631381.Google Scholar
Galloway, F.J., & Jenkins, J.R. (2005). The adjustment problems faced by international students in the United States: a comparison of international students and administrative perceptions at two private, religiously affiliated universities. NASPA Journal. 42, 175187.Google Scholar
Hewitt, P.L., & Flett, G.L. (2002). Perfectionism and stress processes in psychopathology. In Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L., Flett, G.L., Hewitt, P.L. (Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 255284). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Hewitt, P.L., Flett, G.L., & Ediger, E. (1996). Perfectionism and depression: Longitudinal assessment of a specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 276280.Google Scholar
Hovey, J.D. (2000). Acculturative stress, depression, and suicidal ideation in Mexican immigrants. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 134151.Google Scholar
Jackson, M., Ray, S., & Bybell, D. (2013). International students in the U.S.: Social and psychological adjustment. Journal of International Students, 3, 1728.Google Scholar
Kaul, A. (2001). Predictors of positive adaptation among international students in the United States. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.Google Scholar
Khawaja, N.G., & Dempsey, J. (2008). A comparison of international and domestic tertiary students in Australia. Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling. 18, 3046.Google Scholar
Kim, B.K., Atkinson, D.R., & Umemoto, D.D. (2001). Asian cultural values and the counseling process: Current knowledge and directions for future research. The Counseling Psychologist. 29, 570603.Google Scholar
Mikal, J.P., Yang, J., & Lewis, A. (2015). Surfing USA: How internet use prior to and during study abroad affects Chinese students’ stress, integration, and cultural learning while in the United States. Journal of Studies in International Education, 19, 203224.Google Scholar
Morton, S., Mergler, A., & Boman, P. (2014). Managing the transition: The role of optimism and self-efficacy for first-year Australian university students. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 24, 90108.Google Scholar
Nilsson, J.E., Butler, J., Shouse, S., & Joshi, C. (2008). The relationships among perfectionism, acculturation, and stress in Asian international students. Journal of College Counseling. 11, 147158.Google Scholar
Radloff, L.S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385401.Google Scholar
Sandhu, D.S., & Asrabadi, B.R. (1994). Development of an acculturative stress scale for international students: Preliminary findings. Psychological Reports, 75, 435448.Google Scholar
Shrout, P.E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422445.Google Scholar
Slaney, R.B., Rice, K.G., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J.S. (2001). The Almost Perfect Scale — Revised. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 130145.Google Scholar
Sue, D., & Sue, D. (2003). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Thomas, K., & Althen, G. (1989). Counseling foreign students. In Pedersen, P.B. et al. (Eds.), Counseling across cultures (3rd ed., pp. 205241). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Tung, W. (2011). Acculturative stress and help-seeking behaviors among international students. Home Health Care Management & Practice, 23, 383385.Google Scholar
Walker, R.L., Wingate, L.R., Obasi, E.M., & Joiner, T.E. Jr. (2008). An empirical investigation of acculturative stress and ethnic identity as moderators for depression and suicidal ideation in college students. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 7482.Google Scholar
Wang, K.T., Slaney, R.B., & Rice, K.G. (2007). Perfectionism in Chinese university students from Taiwan: A study of psychological well-being and achievement motivation. Personality and Individual Differences. 42, 12791290.Google Scholar
Wang, Y. (2004). Pursuing cross-cultural graduate education: A multifaceted investigation. International Education. 33, 5272.Google Scholar
Wang, K.T., Wong, Y.J., & Fu, C. (2013). Moderation effects of perfectionism and discrimination on interpersonal factors and suicide ideation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 367378.Google Scholar
Wei, M., Heppner, P., Mallen, M.J., Ku, T., Liao, K., & Wu, T. (2007). Acculturative stress, perfectionism, years in the United States, and depression among Chinese international students. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 54, 385394.Google Scholar
Wei, M., Wang, K.T., & Ku, T.-Y. (2012). A development and validation of the Perceived Language Discrimination Scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 340351.Google Scholar
Yeh, C.J., & Inose, M. (2003). International students’ reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 16, 1528.Google Scholar