Fossil carnivorans are described from earliest Eocene localities in the Clarks Fork and southern Bighorn basins of Wyoming. Three new species, Miacis rosei, Uintacyon gingerichi, and Vassacyon bowni, collected from the base of the Wasatchian North American Land Mammal Age (Wa-0), are the smallest and possibly most basal members of their respective genera, and increase from one to four the number of miacids known from this faunal zone. An upper dentition of Miacis deutschi from slightly younger (Wa-2) deposits is also described. Previously known only from lower teeth and a single M1, the specimen of M. deutschi includes the left P3-M2, alveoli for the canine, first two premolars and the last molar, as well as most of the maxilla. the new material helps fill gaps in our knowledge of the dental morphology of basal Miacidae and provides insight into the functional differences of the carnassial teeth in the diverging Uintacyon and Miacis lineages. It also provides an opportunity to further assess the hypothesis that climactic warming in the earliest Eocene resulted in evolutionary dwarfing of mammalian species; based on three criteria for identifying dwarfed species at least one of the new taxa, U. gingerichi, is consistent with this hypothesis.

New finds of teeth and mandibles of Anchitheriomys from the Hambach opencast lignite mine in Northwest Germany and the first detailed descriptions of other mandibles from South Germany and Switzerland allow a review of the Central European specimens of this rare beaver genus. The metric variation of cheek teeth and especially the great differences in dimensions of incisors can be much better assessed. The observed range in size can be attributed to ontogenetic changes, and all material is assigned to Anchitheriomys suevicus. Stratigraphically, this species is restricted to the early middle Miocene, European Mammalian Neogene biozones MN 5–6.

This paper presents a description of new gastropods belonging to the superfamily Porcellioidea (Vetigastropoda) from the richly diverse Lower Devonian gastropod fauna of the Road River Formation in the Royal Creek area, Yukon Territory. This fauna belongs to Western Canada Province of the Old World Realm. The Pragian species Porcellia (Porcellia) yukonensis n. sp. and Porcellia (Paraporcellia) sp. represent the oldest presently known members of subgenera Porcellia (Porcellia) and Porcellia (Paraporcellia). Their simple shell ornamentation fits well with an earlier described evolutionary trend in shell morphology of the Porcellinae. Late Pragian to early Emsian Perryconcha pulchra n. gen. and n. sp. is the first member of the Porcellioidea bearing a row of tremata on adult teleoconch whorls. The occurrence of this shell feature in the Porcellioidea is additional evidence that the evolution of the apertural slit was much more complicated than has been proposed in classical models of Paleozoic gastropod evolution.

Quetzalichthys perrilliatae n. gen. and sp. is described based on five specimens from Lower Cretaceous (Middle-Upper Albian) limestones of the Tlayúa Quarry, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico. This new taxon displays the diagnostic characters of Ionoscopiformes, which consequently designate it as a new member of this order of Mesozoic fishes. Additionally, Quetzalichthys n. gen. shares several derived characters with Ionoscopus and Oshunia, including the presence of more than 15 supraneurals, solid and well-ossified monospondylous vertebrae with two lateral longitudinal oval fossae, thin scales of the amioid type, and the ventral surface of some circumorbital bones being intensely pitted. Quetzalichthys perrilliatae is characterized by three unique characters: 26 abdominal centra, 21 principal dorsal fin rays, and two supraorbitals. Additionally, its unpaired fins and tail show conditions intermediate to those found in Ionoscopus and Oshunia. A cladistic analysis of Ionoscopiformes, including both taxa found in the Tlayúa Quarry (Quetzalichthys and Teoichthys), identifies two monophyletic families within the order, Ophiopsidae (including Ophiopsis, Macrepistius, Teoichthys) and Ionoscopidae (involving Ionoscopus, Oshunia, and Quetzalichthys).

A Lower Tithonian cavity-dwelling community from pelagic carbonate platform deposits of the Czorsztyn Unit, Western Carpathians, represents a succession of mostly solitary coelobite organisms, dominated by scleractinian corals and small-sized serpulids during the initial recruitment stage, and by serpulids during the following recruitment stages. These bioconstructors were accompanied with other suspension feeders: thecideidine brachiopods, oysters, bryozoans, sponges, crinoids and sessile foraminifers. The boundary between the first and the second recruitment stage represents an interval of aggregate growth interruption, when a thin sheet of cyclostome bryozoans developed. Corals and serpulids Neovermilia and Vermiliopsis are primary bioconstructors; all other associated organisms profited from the free spaces between the serpulid tubes. The aggregates were already bioeroded, mineralized and encrusted during their growth. Serpulid larvae show a special recruitment pattern. Their tubes were observed attached on the inner surfaces of adult serpulid tubes only. Possible causes of such a larval behaviour involve several physical, biological or chemical factors. Except for the first recruitment stage, the rest of the succession seems to be physically controlled by the gradual infilling of cavities.

Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian shallow marine rocks in the Pequop Mountains of northeastern Nevada contain an abundance of fossils, especially fusulinids and fasciculate corals. As the composite stratigraphic section in this area represents the most nearly complete sequence of this type of corals anywhere in the Cordilleran miogeocline, this study was undertaken to document their occurrence sequentially. This information should be useful for comparison with other sections in the miogeocline containing similar corals.

Only one species of Durhamina is present in the Gzhelian rocks. Durhamina, Heintzella, and Paraheritschioides occur in the Asselian rocks, and all of these genera plus Wilsonastraea are present in the Sakmarian part of the section. Corals in the Artinskian and Kungurian are represented by an advanced species of Durhamina and the very advanced durhaminid, Sandolasma.

Newly described species are: Durhamina primitiva, D. snyderi, Sandolasma perplexa, Heintzella davydovi, Paraheritschioides nevadaensis, and Wilsonastraea fraseri.

A new decapod crustacean species, Shinkaia katapsyxis, is reported from the Eocene Humptulips Formation of western Washington, USA. The specimens were collected from a hydrocarbon seep deposit that has been well-documented and contains a well-described molluscan fauna. The new occurrence extends the geologic range of the genus Shinkaia Baba and Williams, 1998, and subfamily Shinkaiinae Baba and Williams, 1998, into the Eocene from its only other known occurrences in hydrothermal vent environments in the Pacific Ocean. The range extension of an extant decapod genus into the Eocene is not uncommon and adds to the evidence that the Decapoda may be unusually resistant to extinctions and are distinctly conservative evolutionarily.

A new brachiopod fauna is described from the Early and Middle Permian of Zadoi and Zhidoi counties, southern Qinghai (Changdu block), northwest China. This fauna includes 13 species in nine genera with Spinomarginifera concentrica n. sp. and Transennatia waterhousei n. sp. the Early to Middle Permian brachiopod fauna from southern Qinghai is very similar to the contemporary Cathaysian faunas of South China with which the new fauna shares 70 per cent of its species. On the other hand, the Qinghai brachiopods also demonstrate a significant link with the Permian brachiopod fauna of the Sino-Mongolian-Japanese Province in northeast China, as suggested by Marginifera septentrionalis and Attenuatella. in particular, the occurrence of the bipolar brachiopod genus Attenuatella suggests that southern Qinghai may have played an important role as a biogeographic stepping stone in the marine faunal interchanges between the northern and southern hemispheres during the Early and Middle Permian.

Seventy-three species of stenolaemate bryozoans are documented worldwide from the Triassic. Stage-level diversity and paleogeographical analyses reveal that the recovery of bryozoans following the end-Permian mass extinction was delayed until the Middle Triassic. Early Triassic bryozoans faunas, dominated by members of the Order Trepostomida, were depauperate and geographically restricted. Bryozoan diversity increased during the Middle Triassic and diversity peaked in the Carnian (early Late Triassic). High extinction rates throughout the Late Triassic led to the extinction of all stenolaemate orders except the Cyclostomida by the end of the Triassic. Comparisons between global carbonate rock volume, outcrop surface area, and bryozoan diversity indicate that the documented diversity pattern for bryozoans may have been related, in part, to the availability of carbonate environments during the Triassic.

Additional Silurian (Ludlovian) gastropods are described from the Heceta Formation in the Alexander terrane on Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska. Species include Spinicharybdis krizi n. sp., Spinicharybdis boucoti n. sp., Morania wagneri n. sp., Haplospira craigi n. sp., Australonema sp., Pachystrophia cf. gotlandica (Lindström, 1884), and Medfrazyga gilmulli n. sp. An additional new Silurian species, Morania nixonforkensis n. sp., is described from the Nixon Fork subterrane of the Farewell terrane of west-central Alaska.

The spine-bearing Spinicharybdis is placed into a new subfamily Spinicharybdiinae together with Hystricoceras Jahn, 1894. Joint occurrences of genera Beraunia, Coelocaulus, and Morania, as well as members of subfamily Spinicharybdiinae in the gastropod fauna from the Heceta Formation, support its close relationship with gastropod fauna of Bohemia. Additionally, the occurrence of the genus Medfrazyga suggests a faunal link between the Alexander and Farewell terranes of Alaska. Medfrazyga gilmulli n. sp. is the oldest known and the only early Paleozoic member of the family Palaeozygopleuridae.

New Mexico contains a significant record of trace fossil assemblages, in terms of both abundance and ichnodiversity, from Lower Permian nonmarine depositional settings. Most notable amongst these are the trace fossil assemblages in the Robledo Mountains Formation of the Robledo Mountains in Doña Ana County, southern New Mexico, as recognized by the recent proposal to designate this area as a national monument. These trace fossil assemblages formed on a tidal flat under largely non-marine conditions (Mack and James, 1986; Hunt et al., 1993; Lucas et al., 1995a, 1998) and are dominated by the trackways of tetrapods and arthropods, yielding important information on the paleoecology, diversity and behavior of late Paleozoic arthropods (Braddy and Briggs, 2002; Minter and Braddy, 2006a), as well as evidence of specialized foraging strategies (Minter et al., 2006). Additional Lower Permian trace fossil assemblages occur at a number of localities in New Mexico and represent a variety of nonmarine depositional settings.

Description of a new species of crab, Ekalakia exophthalmops, brings to two the number of species within this Late Cretaceous genus from the upper mid-west in North America. Discovery of eyes and orbital structures in both species permits placement of the genus within the superfamily Glaessneropsoidea Patrulius, 1959 and family Glaessneropsidae Patrulius, 1959, extending the range of those taxa from the Late Jurassic into the Late Cretaceous. The extraordinarily large eyes relative to body size suggests that the Jurassic reef-dwelling crabs were adapted for a cryptic lifestyle which preadapted them for the deep-water, dysphotic, level-bottom habitat occupied by the Cretaceous descendants.

South Canyon, located in the New Pass Range in central Nevada (Fig. 1), is one of the most important localities for Upper Triassic marine invertebrates in North America. This site yields very rich ammonoid faunas, as well as cnidarians (Muller, 1936; Stanley, 1979; Roniewicz and Stanley, 1998), foraminifers (Gazdzicki and Stanley, 1983), bivalves (Waller and Stanley, 1998, 2005; Hopkin and McRoberts, 2003), and brachiopods.

Cretaceous bryozoans from western North America are very poorly known. This paper describes twelve species of cheilostomes from the Upper Cretaceous of southern California and Baja California. the only previously described bryozoan, Ceriocava eastoni Woollacott, 1966, from the Holz Member (?Turonian-Campanian), Ladd Formation of the Santa Ana Mountains, is transferred from Cyclostomata to Cheilostomata, made the type species of the new genus Zimmerella and placed in the family Chiplonarinidae. the following new Campanian-Maastrichtian species are described from the Rosario, Point Loma, and Cabrillo formations of San Diego County, California and Le Misión, Baja California: Wilbertopora sannerae sp. nov., Onychocella schopforum sp. nov., Trichinopolia californica sp. nov., and T. lata sp. nov.

It is suggested that rolled-leaf hispine beetles (Hispinae, Coleoptera) and plants from the order Zingiberales maintained a highly specialized plant-herbivore interaction for >60 My. The evidence supporting this old and conservative interaction are herbivory marks found on leaves of the genus Zingiberopsis (Zingiberaceae) from the latest Cretaceous and early Eocene. This fossil herbivory was described as the ichnotaxon Cephaloleichnites strongii (Hispinae, Coleoptera), based on the assumption that this type of herbivory can be solely attributed to extant rolled-leaf beetles. This ichnotaxon has been a key element in several analyses on the origin, radiation and diversification of tropical insect herbivores. In this paper we report feeding patterns equivalent to those described in Zingiberopsis fossils but produced by larvae of Pyralidae and Choreutidae (Lepidoptera) and Anopsilus weevils (Curculionidae, Coleoptera) in four families of extant Zingiberales. We discuss the implications of C. strongii not being a rolled leaf beetle and how this may affect the current knowledge of the co-diversification of rolled-leaf beetles and their host plants from the order Zingiberales.

The conodont genus Teridontus was introduced in 1980 by Miller and was based on the Late Cambrian species Oneotodus nakamurai Nogami, 1967 from the Yencho Member of the Fengshan Fm. of northeast China. Teridontus was later reported from either the Upper Cambrian or Lower Ordovician (Landing et al., 1980; Miller, 1980; Landing and Barnes, 1981; Landing, 1983; An et al., 1983, 1985; Ni et al., 1983; Peng et al., 1983; Nowlan, 1985; Landing et al., 1986; Bagnoli et al., 1987; An, 1987; Buggisch and Repetski, 1987; Pohler and Orchard, 1990; An and Zheng, 1990; Seo and Ethington, 1993; Wang, 1993; Lehnen, 1994; Nicoll, 1994; Seo et al., 1994; Ji and Barnes, 1994; Taylor et al., 1996; Lehnert et al., 1997; Jia, 2000; Dubinina, 2000; Pyle and Barnes, 2002; Zeballo et al., 2005) sediments in numerous localities around the world, but a unanimous interpretation of the composition of the Teridontus apparatus organization was far from accepted.

A previously undescribed fossil specimen of deep water crab belonging to the family Homolidae de Haan, 1839 was discovered in the collection of the Museo Paleontológica de Bariloche of Río Negro Province, Argentina. the specimen is exceptional because one of the extra-lineal flanks is present. These lateral portions of the carapace are often absent in homolid crab specimens, due to disarticulation of the carapace along the lineae homolicae (Glaessner, 1969). the specimen was collected from the (middle?) Oligocene Río Foyel Formation (Casadío et al., 2004), which crops out south of the town of San Carlos de Bariloche, in the foothills of the Andes Mountains (Fig. 1). Paleogene specimens of the Homolidae are exceedingly rare, due in large part to the lack of preserved rocks from deepwater environments Feldmann et al., 1991), which they prefer in modern oceans. This specimen is of particular importance because it is not only the first reported fossil occurrence of the genus Paromola Wood-Mason, 1891 but also provides additional evidence as to the depositional environment of the Río Foyel Formation.

Two new limpets with a caenogastropod-type larval shell are described from the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous) of Australia and assigned to Australoscutula n. gen. of the family Pragoscutulidae. This family has previously been reported only from the Early Devonian of Europe (Czech Republic, Prague Basin). Therefore, it survived the Late Devonian biotic crisis. the fact that one of the earliest certain caenogastropods has a patelliform shell is noteworthy given most other Middle to Late Paleozoic caenogastropods are high-spired or fusiform. Pragosutulidae are interpreted as an early patelliform caenogastropod offshoot derived from coiled ancestors. the Pragoscutulidae are the oldest gastropod limpets with well-preserved larval shells. Their teleoconch is entirely limpet-shaped without helicoid coiling. However, the helicoid turbiniform larval shells suggests that this group evolved from an ancestor with turbiniform or even high-spired adult shell. Moreover, the multi-whorled dextral larval shells show that Pragoscutulidae are Caenogastropoda and document that early Caenogastropoda displayed considerable disparity.

Machaeridians are marine Palaeozoic fossils, known from sediments of early Ordovician to mid Permian age (Bengtson, 1978; Cooper and Grant, 1972; Kaasa, 1992). Rare, completely articulated specimens reveal that they were long, slender, bilaterally symmetrical animals, covered by a dorsal scleritome comprising longitudinally arranged series of calcite sclerites (e.g., Adrain et al., 1991; Högström and Taylor, 2001a, 2001b). However, most known machaeridians, including those described in this paper, comprise isolated disarticulated sclerites. Until recently, the taxonomic affinities of the group were uncertain, and historically they were assigned to a number of different phyla (e.g., see Adrain, 1992). However, the recent account of an exceptionally preserved specimen with soft tissue anatomy, from the Lower Fezouata Formation (Lower Ordovician, Tremadocian) of Morocco, now indicates that machaeridians were annelid worms (Vinther et al., 2008).

Notobatrachus degiustoi is the most completely known Jurassic frog and has been recorded in many outcrops of the La Matilde Formation of the Deseado Massif area in southern Patagonia. Herein, we erect a new species of the genus based on partially articulated remains collected from the Callovian Las Chacritas Member of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, about 500 km northwest of the northern limit of the known geographical distribution of N. degiustoi. The new species differs from the latter in having a maxilla with a distinct pterygoid process and lacking teeth at least along the posterior two-thirds of its length, and a complete maxillary arch. We also provide an expanded diagnosis of Notobatrachus. This finding adds to our understanding of the early diversification of frogs.