^{Page 170 note 1} Perhaps I should point out here that there is no theoretical difference between empiricism and any variant of systems analysis. A structural-functionalist, therefore, who studies differentiation in an African township, uses exactly the same analytical tools as an empiricist who is anti-theory. I have illustrated this connection in ‘La Doctrine de l'empirisme et l'étude des organisations’, in L'Homme et la société (Paris), XV, January–March 1970, pp. 221–39.

^{Page 170 note 2} Pons, Valdo, Stanleyville (London, 1969), p. 16.Google Scholar

^{Page 170 note 3} Epstein, A. L., ‘Urbanization and Social Change in Africa’, in Current Anthropology (New York), VIII, 4, 10 1967, p. 275.Google Scholar

^{Page 172 note 1} Gould, Julius and Kolb, William L. (eds.), A Dictionary of the Social Sciences (London, 1964), p. 649.Google Scholar

^{Page 173 note 1} Fraenkel, Merran, Tribe and Class in Monrovia (London, 1964), pp. 196 and 201.Google Scholar

^{Page 173 note 2} Marris, Peter, Family Life and Social Change in an African City (London, 1964), p. 140.Google Scholar

^{Page 173 note 3} Banton, Michael, West African City (London, 1957), p. 120.Google Scholar

^{Page 173 note 4} Meillassoux, Claude, ‘The Social Structure of Modern Bamako’, in Africa (London), XXXV, 2, 04 1965, p. 140.Google Scholar

^{Page 173 note 5} Pons, op. cit. p. 268.

^{Page 173 note 6} Mitchell, J. C., ‘The African Middle Classes in British Central Africa’, in Development of a Middle Class in Tropical and Sub- Tropical Countries (Brussels, 1956), pp. 222–32.Google Scholar

^{Page 174 note 1} Mitchell, J. C., The Kalela Dance (Manchester, 1956), pp. 14–15.Google Scholar

^{Page 174 note 2} The conference papers were published as The City in Modern Africa, edited by Horace Miner (London, 1967).

^{Page 174 note 3} Robert A. Levine, Nancy H. Klein, and Constance R. Owen, ‘Father–Child Relationships and Changing Life-Styles in Ibadan, Nigeria’, ibid. pp. 215–55.

^{Page 174 note 4} Aidan Southall, ‘Kampala-Mengo’, ibid. p. 329.

^{Page 175 note 1} Leo Kuper, ‘Structural Discontinuities in African Towns: some aspects of racial pluralism’, ibid. pp. 134–5.

^{Page 175 note 2} This article, published in Revolution under a pseudonym, has been reprinted as a pamphlet by the Africa Research Group, Cambridge, Mass.

^{Page 175 note 3} Journal of Development Studies (London), VI, 3, April 1970.

^{Page 175 note 4} The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), VI, 2, August 1968, pp. 141–69.

^{Page 175 note 5} Ibid. VIII, 4, December 1970, pp. 511–30.

^{Page 176 note 1} Kenneth W. Grundy, ‘The “Class Struggle” in Africa: an examination of conflicting theories’, ibid. II, 3, October 1964, pp. 380–1.

^{Page 176 note 2} Fallers, Lloyd A., ‘Social Stratification and Economic Processes in Africa’, in Herskovits, M. J. and Harwitz, M. (eds.), Economic Transition in Africa (Evanston, 1964), p. 120.Google Scholar

^{Page 176 note 3} Ibid. pp. 120–1.

^{Page 180 note 1} Hailey, Lord, An African Survey (London, 1938), p. 638.Google Scholar

^{Page 180 note 2} Powesland, P. G., Economic Policy and Labour (Kampala, 1957), pp. 13–14.Google Scholar

^{Page 182 note 1} See, for example, van Velsen, J., ‘Labour Migration as a Positive Factor in the Continuity of Tonga Tribal Society’, in Economic Development and Cultural Change (Chicago), VIII, 04 1960.Google Scholar

^{Page 183 note 1} See, for instance, Dean, Edwin, The Supply Responses of African Farmers: theory and measurement in Malawi (Stanford, 1965),Google Scholar and the review of this book by Lawson, Rowena M. in The Journal of Modern African Studies, v, 4, 12 1967.Google Scholar

^{Page 185 note 1} Woddis, Jack, Afriea: the roots of revolt (London, 1960), p. 252.Google Scholar

^{Page 185 note 2} There is a growing literature on the revolutionary consciousness of peasants. See, for example, ‘The Proletariat in Today's World’, in Tricontinental (Paris), IX, 1968; Caldwell, Malcolm, ‘The Role of the Peasantry in the Revolution’, in Journal of Contemporary Asia (Stockholm), 1, 1, 1970Google Scholar and Teodor Shanin, ‘Class and Revolution’, ibid. I, 2, 1970.

^{Page 185 note 3} Woddis, op. cit. p. 253– Written in the early stages of the achievement of political independence by tropical African countries.

^{Page 185 note 4} Amin, loc. cit. p. 40.

^{Page 185 note 5} Ibid. pp. 38–9.

^{Page 185 note 6} Arrighi, Giovanni, ‘Labour Supplies in Historical Perspective’, in Journal of Development Studies, VI, 3, 04 1970.Google Scholar

^{Page 186 note 1} Arrighi, Giovanni and Saul, John S., ‘Socialism and Economic Development in Tropical Africa’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, VI, 2, 08 1968, p. 143n.Google Scholar

^{Page 186 note 2} Ibid. p. 148.

^{Page 187 note 1} This has been illustrated by the author's research since 1960, to be published under the title Trade Unionism in Tropical Africa for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London.

^{Page 187 note 2} See Bauer, P. T., West African Trade (London, 1963), p. 11.Google Scholar

^{Page 188 note 1} See, for example, Galletti, R.et al., Nigerian Cocoa Farmers (London, 1956),Google Scholar and Hill, Polly, The Gold Coast Cocoa Farmer (London, 1956).Google Scholar

^{Page 188 note 2} In Marx and Engels, Selected Works, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1951), p. 142.