^{page 25 note 1} World Bank, World Development Report, 1981 (Washington, D.C., 1981), p. 136.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 1} See, for example, Levi, John, ‘African Agriculture Misunderstood: policy in Sierra Leone’, in Food Research Institute Studies (Stanford), XIII, 3, 1974, pp. 239–62;Google Scholar and Helleiner, Gerald, ‘The Fiscal Role of Marketing Boards in Nigerian Economic Development, 1947–64’, in Economic Journal (London), 74, 3, 1964, pp. 583–610.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 1} For a related view, see Lee, Eddy, ‘Export-Led Development: the Ivory Coast’, in Development and Change (The Hague), II, 1980, pp. 607–42.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 2} By 1980, major borrowing by the Government against the 1976–8 boom in commodity exports had raised the Ivory Coast's foreign debt to $4,125,000 million. The ratio of debt service to export earnings was 23.6 per cent, up sharply from 13.0 per cent in 1978.

^{page 27 note 3} World Development Report, 1981, pp. 138 and 148.

^{page 28 note 1} Sources: for 1960–75, The World Bank, Ivory Coast: the challenge of success (Washington, D.C., 1978), Tables SA3, 4, and 16; for 1976–9,Google ScholarLa Côte d'Ivoire en chiffres, 1980–81 (Abidjan, 1981).Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 2} Calculated from the Government's budget submission to the National Assembly, 1981.

^{page 30 note 1} La Côte d'Ivoire en chiffres, and the annual trade statistics of the Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances, et du Plan.

^{page 30 note 2} Based on shares of export earnings shown in Ivory Coast: the challenge of success, p. 81.

^{page 30 note 3} La Côte d'Ivoire en chiffres, pp. 122 and 128.

^{page 31 note 1} Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances, et du Plan, Budget Spécial d'Investissement et d'Equipment, 1980 and 1981 (Abidjan).Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 2} La Côte d'Ivoire en chiffres, pp. 119 and 126.

^{page 32 note 1} The information on the Divo Department presented hereafter is taken from Hecht, Robert M., ‘Cocoa and the Dynamics of Socio-Economic Change in Southern Ivory Coast’, Ph.D.dissertation, Cambridge University, 1981, unless otherwise cited.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 1} In 1979, for example, the agriculture service in Divo Department recorded 52 cases of arbitration, including damages to farms (15), evictions (3), disputed boundaries (25), and miscellaneous (9).

^{page 34 note 1} See, for example, Johnson, R. W., ‘Guinea’, in Dunn, John (ed.), West African States: failure and promise (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 36–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 34 note 2} Personal communication from an Abidjan cocoa trader.

^{page 36 note 1} For the Abé and Agni, see Dupire, M., ‘Planteurs autochtones et étrangers’, in Études Eburnéenes (Paris), 8, 1961;Google Scholar for the Memel-Fôte, Adioukrou H., Le Système politique de Lodjoukrou (Paris, 1980);Google Scholar for the Kobben, Beté A., ‘Le Planteur noir en basse Côte d'Ivoire’, in Études Eburnéenes, 5, 1956;Google Scholar for the Terray, Dida E., L'Organisation sociale des Dida (Abidjan, 1969);Google Scholar for the Gouro, , Meillassoux, Claude, L'Anthropologie économique des Gouro de Côte d'Ivoire (The Hague, 1964);Google Scholar and for the Schwartz, Wobé A., ‘L'Économie villageoise Guéré heir et aujourd'hui’, Abidjan, 1970.Google Scholar

^{page 37 note 1} The term abusa is derived from a word in the Twi language of Ghana, meaning ‘three parts’. See Hill, Polly, The Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana (Cambridge, 1963).Google Scholar

^{page 38 note 1} Even the unpublished Planning Ministry figures for the mid-1970s cited by Lee, loc. cit. p. 629, do not contain information on average household income or distribution by income category or percentile.

^{page 39 note 1} Ibid. p. 612.

^{page 39 note 2} Figures for 1954 are from the Archives de l'Afrique occidentale française, Dakar, 2G-54–26. The 1975 data are from the Recensement national agricole de Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan, 1975).Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 1} This is based on G.D.P. growth of 7·5 per cent a year, offset by a population growth of 4·0 per cent annually.

^{page 40 note 2} This is based on average export earnings for 1960–2 and 1977–9, plus a price deflator of 7·47 per cent and a population growth rate of 4·0 per cent.

^{page 43 note 1} Amin, Samir, Le Développement du capitalisme en Côte d'Ivoire (Paris, 1967), p. 92.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 2} Campbell, Bonnie, ‘The Ivory Coast’, in Dunn (ed.), op. cit. pp. 66–116.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 3} Lee, loc. cit. p. 629.

^{page 44 note 1} Amin, op. cit. p. 91.

^{page 46 note 1} Adelman, I. and Morris, C. T., Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries (Stanford, 1973);Google ScholarChenery, Hollis et al. , Redistribution with Growth (Oxford, 1974).Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 2} Ivory Coast: the challenge of success, p. 134.

^{page 48 note 1} Chenery et al. op. cit. pp. 8–9.

^{page 50 note 1} Cohen, Michael A., Urban Policy and Political Conflict in Africa: a study of the Ivory Coast (Chicago, 1974), p. 63.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 1} ‘SCOA en Côte d'Ivoire’, Company report, Paris, 1978.

^{page 52 note 1} Cohen, op. cit. pp. 58–9.