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²¹ SirLugard, Frederick, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (Edinburgh, 1929 edn.), p. 617.Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ Owusu, ‘Culture and Democracy in West Africa’, and ‘Politics Without Parties’.

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⁵⁵ Barber and Watson, op. cit. p. 85.

⁵⁶ Legum, loc. cit. p. 129.

⁵⁷ West Africa, 11–17 May 1992, p. 809. Article 49 of the new constitution provides that a referendum should have a turnout of at least 35 per cent, with at least 70 per cent in favour, for it to be valid.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See, for example, ibid. 6–12 April 1992, pp. 586–7, and 8–14 June 1992, p. 956, for a discussion of the on-going leadership struggle in these groups and organisations. Also, Blay-Amihere, Kabral, ‘Ghana: keeping out the punks’, in New African, July 1992, p. 18.Google Scholar

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⁶¹ Cf. Kimble, David, The Machinery of Self-Government (Harmondsworth, 1953), pp. 9–10Google Scholar. He asked nearly 40 years ago, ‘Is it possible to devise governmental machinery whereby the majority of citizens, acting freely, have an effective say in the decisions that have to be made, and a control on the people who make them?…Is it possible for large numbers of ordinary people –not just a few well-known politicians, merchants, chiefs, lawyers, or civil servants – to have a hand and a say in what is being done?’

⁶² Daily Graphic (Accra), 1 01 1982, p. 1.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ For example, the Angona District Assembly conducts its business primarily in Twi or Fante, the dominant local languages.

⁶⁵ See Local Government Information Digest (Accra), 5, 2, 03–04 1992, p. 3,Google Scholar for critical comments on the above constitutional provisions by Ahwoi, Kwamena, P.N.D.C. Secretary for Local Government. Also, ch. 11, ‘Decentralization and Local Government’, Report of the Committee of Experts, 1991, pp. 144–55.Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ The Ghanaian Times, 11 July 1992, p. 2.

⁶⁹ Ibid.

⁷⁰ Aryee, Joyce, ‘Public Opinion in a Democracy’, in The CDR Eagle (Accra), 4, 3, 1988, p. 12.Google Scholar

⁷¹ See Owusu, Maxwell, ‘Custom and Coups: a juridical interpretation of civil order and disorder in Ghana’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 24, 1, 03 1986, pp. 69–99,CrossRefGoogle Scholar and ‘Rebellion, Revolution, and Tradition: reinterpreting coups in Ghana’, in Comparative Studies in Society and History (Cambridge), 31, 2, 04 1989, pp. 372–97.Google Scholar

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⁷³ For example, according to the 1992 Auditor-General's Report on Local Government for the period ended 31 December 1988, many of the 65 old councils had no approved estimates and only 22 presented annual accounts for validation by the Auditor-General. Their operations were characterised by unauthorised and improper payments, inadequate revenue collection, poor accountability, and misappropriation of funds by council treasurers. Ibid. 5, 1, January–February 1992, pp. 34–5.

⁷⁴ See ibid. 3, 3, May–June 1990, pp. 9–15, for a discussion of some of these problems.

⁷⁵ Ibid. 3, 2, March–April 1990, p. 32.

⁷⁶ For an important discussion of the P.N.D.C.'s economic policies, see the essays in Rothschild, Donald (ed.), Ghana: the political economy of recovery (Boulder, 1991).Google Scholar Also, Owusu, Maxwell, ‘The Devil and the Holy War; international capitalism, populism and Ghana's Economic Recovery Programme’, 90th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago, 20–24 11 1991,Google Scholar and Ahiakpor, James C. W., ‘Rawlings, Economic Policy Reform, and the Poor: consistency or betrayal?’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 29, 4, 12 1991, pp. 583–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar