Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T05:11:18.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Controllable interlayer shear strength and crystallinity of PEEK components by laser-assisted material extrusion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2018

Meng Luo
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Xiaoyong Tian*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Weijun Zhu
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Dichen Li
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Laser-assisted material extrusion was used in this study to realize high-performance 3D printing of semicrystalline polymers. A CO2 laser device was simply integrated into a traditional fused deposition modeling printer to supply the laser. The sample’s surface temperature was changed by controlling the laser power during printing, and thus the interlayer shear strength and crystallinity could both be effectively controlled. By implementing the laser-assisted process, the optimal interlayer shear strength of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) could be improved by more than 45%, and the degree of crystallinity of PEEK was simultaneously improved by up to 34.5%, which has approached to the typical crystallinity of 35%. Therefore, the process provides a very effective solution for additive manufacturing of semicrystalline materials and helps clearly to establish a controllable mapping relationship between the laser parameters and material properties.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Kurtz, S.M. and Devine, J.N.: PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants. Biomaterials 28, 4845 (2007).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toth, J.M., Wang, M., Estes, B.T., Scifert, J.L., Seim, H.B., and Turner, A.S.: Polyetheretherketone as a biomaterial for spinal applications. Biomaterials 27, 324 (2006).Google Scholar
Williams, D.F., Mcnamara, A., and Turner, R.M.: Potential of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon-fibre-reinforced PEEK in medical applications. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 6, 188 (1987).Google Scholar
Vaezi, M. and Yang, S.: Extrusion-based additive manufacturing of PEEK for biomedical applications. Virtual Phys. Prototyp. 10, 123 (2015).Google Scholar
Garcia-Gonzalez, D., Rusinek, A., Jankowiak, T., and Arias, A.: Mechanical impact behavior of polyether–ether–ketone (PEEK). Compos. Struct. 124, 88 (2015).Google Scholar
Lovald, S. and Kurtz, S.M.: Applications of polyetheretherketone in trauma, arthroscopy, and cranial defect repair. In Peek Biomaterials Handbook, Vol. 243 (Kurtz, S.M., Elsevier Inc., Oxford, United Kingdom, 2012); pp. 243260.Google Scholar
Kurtz, S.M.: Chemical and radiation stability of PEEK. In PEEK Biomaterials Handbook (Elsevier Inc., 2012).Google Scholar
Waddon, A.J., Hill, M.J., Keller, A., and Blundell, D.J.: On the crystal texture of linear polyaryls (PEEK, PEK, and PPS). J. Mater. Sci. 22, 1773 (1987).Google Scholar
Hamdan, S. and Swallowe, G.M.: Crystallinity in PEEK and PEK after mechanical testing and its dependence on strain rate and temperature. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 34, 699 (2015).Google Scholar
Talbott, M.F., Springer, G.S., and Berglund, L.A.: The effects of crystallinity on the mechanical properties of PEEK polymer and graphite fiber reinforced PEEK. J. Compos. Mater. 21, 1056 (1987).Google Scholar
Zhang, G. and Schlarb, A.K.: Correlation of the tribological behaviors with the mechanical properties of poly-ether-ether-ketones (PEEKs) with different molecular weights and their fiber filled composites. Wear 266, 337 (2009).Google Scholar
Liu, T., Mo, Z., Wang, S., and Zhang, H.: Nonisothermal melt and cold crystallization kinetics of poly(aryl ether ether ketone ketone). Polym. Eng. Sci. 37, 568 (1997).Google Scholar
Osswald, T.A., Baur, E., Brinkmann, S., and Oberbach, K.: International Plastics Handbook: The Resource for Plastics Engineers (Hanser Gardner Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2012).Google Scholar
Yang, C., Tian, X., Li, D., Cao, Y., Zhao, F., and Shi, C.: Influence of thermal processing conditions in 3D printing on the crystallinity and mechanical properties of PEEK material. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 248, 1 (2017).Google Scholar
Yan, M., Zhou, C., Tian, X., Peng, G., Cao, Y., and Li, D.: Design and selective laser sintering of complex porous polyamide mould for pressure slip casting. Mater. Des. 111, 198 (2016).Google Scholar
Schmidt, M., Pohle, D., and Rechtenwald, T.: Selective laser sintering of PEEK. CIRP Ann. - Manuf. Technol. 56, 205 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xin, L.I., Sun, L.S., Yang, L., Peng, J.L., Hong-Bo, L.I., and Jen-Taut, Y.: FDM 3D printing polymer modification progress and application. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 3, 139141 (2017).Google Scholar
Valentan, B., Kadivnik, Z., Brajlih, T., Anderson, A., and Drstvenšek, I.: Processing poly(ether etherketone) on a 3D printer for thermoplastic modelling. Mater. Technol. 47, 715 (2013).Google Scholar
Mueller, B.: Additive manufacturing technologies—Rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. Assemb. Autom. 32, i (2013).Google Scholar
Wu, W.Z., Geng, P., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Rosen, D.W., and Zhang, H.B.: Manufacture and thermal deformation analysis of semicrystalline polymer polyether ether ketone by 3D printing. Mater. Res. Innovations 18, S5 (2015).Google Scholar
Zalaznik, M., Kalin, M., and Novak, S.: Influence of the processing temperature on the tribological and mechanical properties of poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) polymer. Tribol. Int. 94, 92 (2016).Google Scholar
Gomes, A.C.D.O., Soares, B.G., Oliveira, M.G., Machado, J.C., Windmöller, D., and Paranhos, C.M.: Characterization of crystalline structure and free volume of polyamide 6/nitrile rubber elastomer thermoplastic vulcanizates: Effect of the processing additives. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 134, 45576 (2017).Google Scholar
Cebe, P. and Hong, S.D.: Crystallization behaviour of poly(ether-ether-ketone). Polymer 27, 1183 (1986).Google Scholar
Kurapatti Ravi, A.: A Study on an In-process Laser Localized Pre-deposition Heating Approach to Reducing FDM Part Anisotropy (Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 2016).Google Scholar
Kishore, V., Ajinjeru, C., Nycz, A., Post, B., Lindahl, J., Kunc, V., and Duty, C.: Infrared preheating to improve interlayer strength of big area additive manufacturing (BAAM) components. Addit. Manuf. 14, 712 (2016).Google Scholar
Sun, Q., Rizvi, G.M., Bellehumeur, C.T., and Gu, P.: Effect of processing conditions on the bonding quality of FDM polymer filaments. Rapid Prototyp. J. 14, 72 (2008).Google Scholar
Magalhães, L.C., Volpato, N., and Luersen, M.A.: Evaluation of stiffness and strength in fused deposition sandwich specimens. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 36, 449 (2014).Google Scholar
Blundell, D.J. and Osborn, B.N.: The morphology of poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone). Polymer 24, 953 (1983).Google Scholar
Chivers, R.A., Moore, D.R., Chivers, R.A., and Moore, D.R.: The effect of molecular weight and crystallinity on the mechanical properties of injection moulded poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) resin. Polymer 35, 110 (1994).Google Scholar
Jaekel, D.J., Macdonald, D.W., and Kurtz, S.M.: Characterization of PEEK biomaterials using the small punch test. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 4, 1275 (2011).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahn, S.H., Montero, M., Dan, O., Roundy, S., and Wright, P.K.: Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS. Rapid Prototyp. J. 8, 248 (2016).Google Scholar
Ziemian, C., Sharma, M., and Ziemian, S.: Anisotropic mechanical properties of ABS parts fabricated by fused deposition modelling. In Mechanical Engineering (InTech, London, United Kingdom, 2012), pp. 1683616850.Google Scholar
Partain, S.C.: Fused deposition modeling with localized pre-deposition heating using forced air. Master Thesis, College of Engineering, Montana State University-Bozeman (Bozeman, Montana, 2007).Google Scholar
Anitha, R., Arunachalam, S., and Radhakrishnan, P.: Critical parameters influencing the quality of prototypes in fused deposition modelling. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 118, 385 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujihara, K., Huang, Z.M., Ramakrishna, S., and Hamada, H.: Influence of processing conditions on bending property of continuous carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 64, 2525 (2004).Google Scholar
Grouve, W.J.B., Warnet, L.L., Rietman, B., Visser, H.A., and Akkerman, R.: Optimization of the tape placement process parameters for carbon–PPS composites. Composites, Part A 50, 44 (2013).Google Scholar
Grouve, W.J.B., Poel, G.V., Warnet, L.L., and Akkerman, R.: On crystallisation and fracture toughness of poly(phenylene sulphide) under tape placement conditions. Plast., Rubber Compos. 42, 282 (2013).Google Scholar
Grouve, W.J.B., Warnet, L., Akkerman, R., Wijskamp, S., and Kok, J.S.M.: Weld strength assessment for tape placement. Int. J. Material Form. 3, 707 (2010).Google Scholar
Parandoush, P., Tucker, L., Zhou, C., and Lin, D.: Laser assisted additive manufacturing of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. Mater. Des. 131, 186195 (2017).Google Scholar