Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T20:48:20.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bimodal porous carbon electrodes derived from polyfurfuryl alcohol/phloroglucinol for ionic liquid based electrical double layer capacitors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 December 2017

Amir Reza Aref ,
Chih-Chuan Chou ,
Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan  and
Clive Randall
Amir Reza Aref
Affiliation:
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
Chih-Chuan Chou
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan*
Affiliation:
Department of Engineering, Penn State DuBois, DuBois, Pennsylvania 15801, USA; and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
Clive Randall
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

A hierarchical porous carbon with bimodal pore size distribution was synthesized using pyrolysis and controlled activation of polymer gel derived from furfuryl alcohol and phloroglucinol using a soft templating approach. Symmetric capacitors made using the synthesized carbon electrodes in neat 1-butyl 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate showed a specific capacitance of 141 F/g at 1 A/g when cycled between 0 and 3.8 V at room temperature. The capacitor also showed 90% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles. Equivalent circuit modeling of impedance spectra was done to monitor changes and provide microstructural details during cycling and temperature studies. Cyclic voltammetry showed the presence of specific adsorption of the electrolyte ions on the carbon electrode and this was in good agreement with strong dependence of specific capacitance on temperature. Such strong interaction along with the nature of electrical double layer formed in the hierarchical porous carbon results in widening the voltage stability window of the capacitor.

Keywords

energy storageporositycarbonization
Type
Article
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 33 , Issue 9: Focus Issue: Porous Carbon and Carbonaceous Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , 14 May 2018 , pp. 1189 - 1198
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Contributing Editor: Yat Li

References

REFERENCES

Armand, M., Endres, F., MacFarlane, D.R., Ohno, H., and Scrosati, B.: Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future. Nat. Mater. 8, 621 (2009).Google Scholar
Zhang, S., Sun, N., He, X., Lu, X., and Zhang, X.: Physical properties of ionic liquids: Database and evaluation. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 1475 (2006).Google Scholar
Burt, R., Birkett, G., and Zhao, X.S.: A review of molecular modelling of electric double layer capacitors. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 6519 (2014).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivanistsev, V. and Federov, M.V.: Interfaces between charged surfaces and ionic liquids: Insights from molecular simulations. Electrochem. Soc. Interface 23, 65–69 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirchner, K., Kirchner, T., Ivanistsev, V., and Fedorov, M.V.: Electrical double layer in ionic liquids: Structural transitions from multilayer to monolayer structure at the interface. Electrochim. Acta 110, 762 (2013).Google Scholar
Bazant, M.Z., Storey, B.D., and Kornyshev, A.A.: Double layer in ionic liquids: Overscreening versus crowding. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 046102 (2011).Google Scholar
Kislenko, S.A., Samoylov, I.S., and Amirov, R.H.: Molecular dynamics simulation of the electrochemical interface between a graphite surface and the ionic liquid [BMIM][PF(6)]. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 5584 (2009).Google Scholar
Merlet, C., Rotenberg, B., Madden, P.A., Taberna, P.L., Simon, P., Gogotsi, Y., and Salanne, M.: On the molecular origin of supercapacitance in nanoporous carbon electrodes. Nat. Mater. 11, 306 (2012).Google Scholar
Merlet, C., Salanne, M., and Rotenberg, B.: New coarse-grained models of imidazolium ionic liquids for bulk and interfacial molecular simulations. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 7687 (2012).Google Scholar
Griffin, J.M., Forse, A.C., and Grey, C.P.: Solid-state NMR studies of supercapacitors. Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 74–75, 16 (2016).Google Scholar
Li, S., Han, K.S., Feng, G., Hagaman, E.W., Vlcek, L., and Cummings, P.T.: Dynamic and structural properties of room-temperature ionic liquids near silica and carbon surfaces. Langmuir 29, 9744 (2013).Google Scholar
Suryanarayanan, V., Yoshihara, S., and Shirakashi, T.: Electrochemical behavior of carbon electrodes in organic liquid electrolytes containing tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate anionic species in different non-aqueous solvent systems. Electrochim. Acta 51, 991 (2005).Google Scholar
Simon, P. and Gogotsi, Y.: Capacitive energy storage in nanostructured carbon-electrolyte systems. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 1094 (2013).Google Scholar
Banuelos, J.L., Feng, G., Fulvio, P.F., Li, S., Rother, G., Dai, S., Cummings, P.T., and Wesolowski, D.J.: Densification of ionic liquid molecules within a hierarchical nanoporous carbon structure revealed by small-angle scattering and molecular dynamics simulation. Chem. Mater. 26, 1144 (2014).Google Scholar
He, Y.D., Qiao, R., Vatamanu, J., Borodin, O., Bedrov, D., Huang, J.S., and Sumpter, B.G.: Importance of ion packing on the dynamics of ionic liquids during micropore charging. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 36 (2016).Google Scholar
Dutta, S., Bhaumik, A., and Wu, K.C.W.: Hierarchically porous carbon derived from polymers and biomass: Effect of interconnected pores on energy applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 3574 (2014).Google Scholar
Jiang, H., Lee, P.S., and Li, C.Z.: 3D carbon based nanostructures for advanced supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 41 (2013).Google Scholar
Nishihara, H. and Kyotani, T.: Templated nanocarbons for energy storage. Adv. Mater. 24, 4473 (2012).Google Scholar
White, R.J., Budarin, V., Luque, R., Clark, J.H., and Macquarrie, D.J.: Tuneable porous carbonaceous materials from renewable resources. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 3401 (2009).Google Scholar
Jänes, A., Permann, L., Arulepp, M., and Lust, E.: Electrochemical characteristics of nanoporous carbide-derived carbon materials in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Electrochem. Commun. 6, 313 (2004).Google Scholar
Gogotsi, Y., Dash, R.K., Yushin, G., Yildirim, T., Laudisio, G., and Fischer, J.E.: Tailoring of nanoscale porosity in carbide-derived carbons for hydrogen storage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 16006 (2005).Google Scholar
Zhai, Y., Dou, Y., Zhao, D., Fulvio, P.F., Mayes, R.T., and Dai, S.: Carbon materials for chemical capacitive energy storage. Adv. Mater. 23, 4828 (2011).Google Scholar
Ma, T.Y., Liu, L., and Yuan, Z.Y.: Direct synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbons. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 3977 (2013).Google Scholar
Chuenchom, L., Kraehnert, R., and Smarsly, B.M.: Recent progress in soft-templating of porous carbon materials. Soft Matter 8, 10801 (2012).Google Scholar
Wang, X.Q., Liang, C.D., and Dai, S.: Facile synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbons with high thermal stability by self-assembly of resorcinol-formaldehyde and block copolymers under highly acidic conditions. Langmuir 24, 7500 (2008).Google Scholar
Zhang, P.F., Zhu, H.Y., and Dai, S.: Porous carbon supports: Recent advances with various morphologies and compositions. Chemcatchem 7, 2788 (2015).Google Scholar
Liang, C.D. and Dai, S.: Dual phase separation for synthesis of bimodal meso-/macroporous carbon monoliths. Chem. Mater. 21, 2115 (2009).Google Scholar
Peer, M., Qajar, A., Rajagopalan, R., and Foley, H.C.: On the effects of emulsion polymerization of furfuryl alcohol on the formation of carbon spheres and other structures derived by pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol. Carbon 51, 85 (2013).Google Scholar
Peer, M., Qajar, A., Rajagopalan, R., and Foley, H.C.: Synthesis of carbon with bimodal porosity by simultaneous polymerization of furfuryl alcohol and phloroglucinol. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 196, 235 (2014).Google Scholar
Liang, C. and Dai, S.: Synthesis of mesoporous carbon materials via enhanced hydrogen-bonding interaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 5316 (2006).Google Scholar
Ghatee, M.H. and Moosavi, F.: Physisorption of hydrophobic and hydrophilic 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids on the graphenes. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 5626 (2011).Google Scholar
Liu, X., Han, Y., and Yan, T.: Temperature effects on the capacitance of an imidazolium-based ionic liquid on a graphite electrode: A molecular dynamics simulation. ChemPhysChem 15, 2503 (2014).Google Scholar
Zhang, Q., Han, Y., Wang, Y., Ye, S., and Yan, T.: Comparing the differential capacitance of two ionic liquid electrolytes: Effects of specific adsorption. Electrochem. Commun. 38, 44 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotz, R., Ruch, P.W., and Cericola, D.: Aging and failure mode of electrochemical double layer capacitors during accelerated constant load tests. J. Power Sources 195, 923 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tee, E., Tallo, I., Thomberg, T., Janes, A., and Lust, E.: Supercapacitors based on activated silicon carbide-derived carbon materials and ionic liquid. J. Electrochem. Soc. 163, A1317 (2016).Google Scholar
Wei, L. and Yushin, G.: Electrical double layer capacitors with sucrose derived carbon electrodes in ionic liquid electrolytes. J. Power Sources 196, 4072 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooming, T., Thomberg, T., Kurig, H., Janes, A., and Lust, E.: High power density supercapacitors based on the carbon dioxide activated D-glucose derived carbon electrodes and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid. J. Power Sources 280, 667 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurig, H., Janes, A., and Lust, E.: Electrochemical characteristics of carbide-derived carbon vertical bar 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate supercapacitor cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, A272 (2010).Google Scholar
Yamagata, M., Soeda, K., Ikebe, S., Yamazaki, S., and Ishikawa, M.: Chitosan-based gel electrolyte containing an ionic liquid for high-performance nonaqueous supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 100, 275 (2013).Google Scholar