There is considerable controversy surrounding the optimum treatment of advanced hypopharyngeal cancers. Curative radiotherapy with surgical salvage in reserve is an accepted protocol as is also a combined treatment of surgery and radiotherapy. The present study is a retrospective analysis of the survival results of 195 cases treated in a single centre. The combined surgery and radiotherapy group comprised a greater number of pyriform fossa and post-cricoid tumours whereas, the curative radiotherapy group had a higher proportion of posterior pharyngeal wall tumours. Actuarial two-year disease-free survival rates were significantly better with combined treatment when results of stage III and IV lesions (164 patients) of all sites are taken together, as compared to those obtained with curative radiotherapy without salvage (p = 0.000) or radiotherapy with surgical salvage for residual/recurrent tumours (p = 0.0021).

Although transnasal techniques to treat choanal atresia have become the standard, risks remain of restenosis of the opened choana requiring dilatations. In addition, a new technique without stenting and requiring less invasive post-operative care would be an improvement. With this in mind, in a non-randomized trial, a modification of the transnasal surgical repair was used in eight patients with unilateral choanal atresia by which no stents were used. While the standard procedure consists of partial resection of the bony septum and the atretic plate, we additionally removed lower parts of the anterior wall and the floor of the sphenoid sinus, creating a new airway canal from the nasal cavity to the sphenoid into the epipharynx. Post-operative care by the patient and the surgeon was noted. The success of choanal patency was followed by nasal endoscopy and rhinomanometry with a mean post-operative follow-up time of 1.9 years. In all patients, both choanae remained patent confirmed by nasal endoscopy and rhinomanometry showing almost symmetric resistance. Post-operative care comprised antibiotic prophylaxis and nasal douching with saline solution by the patient; no further treatment by the surgeon was necessary. According to these long-term results we would recommend this type of surgery for two reasons: the use of stents no longer necessary and post-operative care by the surgeon can be minimized.

Between May 1997 and May 2001 all patients presenting with a unilateral vocal fold palsy at Gartnavel General hospital were entered into a prospective observational study. The sex, age, side of palsy and aetiology were documented. The aim of the study was to assess the current aetiology of vocal fold palsy in a large teaching hospital in the West of Scotland, and to compare this with the established aetiology in other parts of the world. Seventy-seven patients were studied. Eighty-three per cent were found to have a left and 17 per cent a right vocal fold palsy. The male to female ratio was 2:1, with an age range of 23–85, mean 61. Forty-three per cent of all vocal fold palsies were secondary to an underlying bronchogenic carcinoma and a further nine per cent due to other malignancies. This contrasted with figures quoted in other studies, that gave lung cancer causes of vocal fold palsies ranging from four to 22 per cent. Surgical trauma accounted for 24 per cent and in 11 per cent no cause was found. In conclusion, in our hospital population there is a high rate of vocal fold palsy secondary to bronchogenic carcinoma. This is likely to be associated with the high levels of smoking found in Scotland. Lung cancer rates in Scotland are 1.6 times greater for men, and two times greater for women than the world standard. Malignancies overall cause over 50 per cent of our vocal fold palsies. Vigilance is required in any patient presenting with a vocal fold palsy to ensure a malignancy is not overlooked.

This series was undertaken to investigate the incidence of associated polyps and the recurrence rates of inverted papillomas with, or without, malignancies, as well as the treatment outcomes of the recurred cases.

A retrospective study evaluating the pathology, associated polyps, types of operation, recurrence rate after original operation, and surgical outcomes of recurred cases was conducted upon 96 patients diagnosed with inverted papilloma.

The overall malignancy rate was 11.5 per cent with synchronous tumours accounting for 9.4 per cent and metachronous for 2.1 per cent. Inflammatory polyps were found in association with inverted papilloma in 21.9 per cent. In cases without malignancies, the recurrence rate after the original conservative procedure was 33.9 per cent, compared to 14.3 per cent after a medial maxillectomy. In cases with malignancies, the recurrence rate after the original surgical procedure was 22.2 per cent.

Our study indicates that more aggressive and bolder surgical resection of inverted papilloma should be undertaken as a primary treatment method, or as a treatment for recurrent cases to reduce the recurrence rate of inverted papilloma with, or without, malignancy.

The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for pharyngeal cancer and to propose 10 result-based preventive measures. It was a case-control study conducted in Madrid, Spain, with 232 consecutive patients diagnosed between January 1 1990 and December 31, 1995, sex- and age-matched with 232 control individuals with no oncological disease or history. By means of an interviewer-administered questionnaire, seven different epidemiological areas were surveyed, namely: (1) sociodemographic variables, (2) familial all-site cancer history, (3) medical history, (4) lifestyle (habits), (5) diet, (6) occupational exposure, and (7) non-occupational exposure. Of the great number of factors within each epidemiological area, the following were found to be risk factors after adjustment for tobacco smoking and alcoholic beverage drinking: (1) tobacco smoking, (2) alcoholic beverage drinking, (3) low and low-middle socioeconomic background, (4) low educational level, (5) rural milieu, (6) working, or having worked, as a manual worker in agriculture, (7) working, or having worked as a manual worker in building industry, (8) having an upper aerodigestive tract cancer familial history, (9) having a medical history of alcholism, low weight/malnutrition, gastroesophageal reflux or chronic obstructive bronchopneumonia, (10) low dietary intake of fruit, fruit juice, uncooked vegetables, dietary fibre-containing foods, fish and milk and dairy products, (11) high dietary intake of meat and fried foods, (12) deficient oral and dental hygiene, (13) abuse of black coffee, (14) abuse of ’carajillo’ (a typical Spanish drink composed of black coffee and flambéed brandy), (15) occupational exposure to pesticides, solvents and dust of different origins.

On the basis of our results and those reported by other authors, we put forward 10 measures for the prevention of pharyngeal cancer. However, due to the small size of the nasopharyngeal cancer subsample (n = 35, 15.08 per cent), our results as well as the preventive measures are to considered as referring uniquely to oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. In addition, from descriptive statistical data inspection one can conclude that nasopharyngeal cancer is likely to bear risk factors different from those for oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, thus nasopharyngeal cancer warrants specific epidemiological investigation with a sufficiently large patient sample.

In this study we report on the correlation between the bacteriology of the middle meatusand ethmoid sinus in chronic sinusitis. When patients with chronic sinusitis underwent functional endoscopicsinus surgery (FESS), swab specimens were taken from the middle meati before surgery. After removing the ethmoid bullae, swab specimens were taken from the ethmoid sinuses. Between November 1998 and February 2001, 186 pairs of middle meatal and ethmoid sinus specimens were collected from 186 patients. No bacteria were cultured from either specimen in 32 patients. The same bacteria were cultured from both specimens in another 60 patients. The culture results differed between the middle meatal and ethmoid sinus specimens in the remaining 94 patients. There was a significant difference between culture rates of 63.4 per cent for middle meatal specimens and 76.3 per cent for the ethmoid sinus specimens. In analysing bacterial species, significantly more aerobic Gram negative bacteria were cultured from the ethmoid sinus specimens than from the middle meatalspecimens. This study shows that the bacteriology of the middle meatus was different from that of the ethmoid sinus. Therefore, the bacteriological findings in the middle meati may not reflect the real bacteriology in chronic sinusitis.

Despite advances in the development of voice outcome measures, there is no methodology to define and quantify the elements of the complex process of speech therapy. The components of therapy given by one therapist to the intervention limb of a controlled trial werecharacterized according to a list of five minutes. The intervention was of proven benefit compared with a control period of observation. Indirect approaches comprised two thirds of therapy time. The types and duration of intervention were assessed but no treatment category seemed moreassociated with a favourable outcome. The design shows that it is possible to perform a prospective, structured analysis of the components of voice therapy. The method appears viable for thefuture comparison of the widely varying techniques current in voice therapy practice.

Understanding the relationship between the anatomy of the fallopian canal and a variety of ear diseases is necessary. In this study, our purpose was to identify the incidence of facial nerve dehiscence in patients undergoing surgery for a variety of chronic ear diseases.

The operative records of 219 patients were reviewed retrospectively for dehiscence of the facial canal. The diagnoses were cholesteatoma (n = 49), tympanosclerosis (n = 51), adhesive otitis media (n = 38), and chronic otitis media (n = 81). Only 17 of 219 who underwent tympanoplasty without mastoidectomy were excluded from the calculations.

Dehiscence of the facial canal was encountered in 18 (8.9 per cent) of 202 patients. The dehiscence rate was highest with cholesteatoma, followed by adhesive otis media, chronic otis media and tympanosclerosis (p<0.01). The canal dehiscence was mainly seen in the tympanic segment and second genu, and was rare in the mastoid segment. Labyrinthine fistula was the most common pathology that coexisted with the dehiscence. It was encountered in two (11.1 per cent) of 18 patients. In conclusion, the likelihood of dehiscent bone covering the tympanic segment of the fallopian canal is significantly higher in cholesteatoma than the other chronic ear diseases. The surgeon can feel somewhat more confident while performing surgery for tympanosclerosis as far as the dehiscence in the fallopian canal is concerned.

A Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance with a predominance of Th1 cytokines has been suggested to be of pathogenic importance in Wegener’s granulomatosis. To evaluate the role of Th1/Th2 cytokines in Wegener’s granulomatosis, the subsets of Th1, Th2, Tc1 and Tc2 cells from patients with active Wegener’s granulomatosis were examined by intracellular cytokine flow cytometry. The population of Tc1 cells (72.0 ± 14.4 per cent) in Wegener’s granulomatosis was significantly increased compared with Tc1 cells (37.3 ± 14.6 per cent) in control (p<0.05). Th1, Th2 and Tc2 cells in Wegener’s granulomatosis were not significantly increased compared with the control cells. These results indicate that the predominance of Tc1 cells might contribute to the mechanism of the pathogenesis of Wegener’s granulomatosis.

The traditional lateral rhinotomy incision described originally by Moure in 1902 has proved a versatile approach to the mid-facial skeleton. It is not, however, without its complications, particularly poor cosmesis due to depression of the nasofacial groove. In one series 10 per cent of patients developed wound complications. We present our modification of the lateral rhinotomy incision, that takes account of the nasal aesthetic subunits by placing the incision between the dorsal and side wall nasal subunits with extension inferiorly along the alar groove.

From November 1994 to February 2001, a retrospective review of case notes showed that 20 patients underwent modified lateral rhinotomy incision for a variety of pathology. Ten cases were for transitional papilloma, nine for malignant disease and one for chronic osteitis of the maxilla and ethmoids post-trauma. Follow up ranged from two weeks to five years. In five cases we were able to preserve the bony piriform aperture without compromising the excision or exposure. We believe that preservation of the bony piriform aperture will further enhance the overall cosmesis and nasal function. No complaints related to the incision were recorded.

Our experience with the modified lateral rhinotomy incision has been very satisfactory. It provides good exposure, a low complication rate and excellent cosmetic outcome without undue technical difficulty. It is our preferred incision for all surgery on the mid-facial skeleton and anterior skull base.

Acute torticollis due to non-traumatic atlanto-axial subluxation (AAS) is often seen in children presenting with inflammatory conditions of the upper respiratory tract and the neck. Grisel’s syndrome is the eponym given to this condition. These patients may present earlier in the disease process without evident subluxation. Thus, early recognition of the condition with prompt commencement of appropriate conservative treatment could halt the progression into Grisel’s syndrome. The purpose of this study is to address the importance of early recognition of inflammatory torticollis that can be treated successfully by conservative methods.

A retrospective review was made of the case files and radiological investigations of 13 children with fever and torticollis who were treated in the neurosurgery unit of Hamad General Hospital in Qatar, over a two-year period from July 1996 to July 1998. The children were aged between three and 12 years with a male to female ratio of 3:1. All patients arrived at the hospital within 48 hours of onset of torticollis and almost all had manifestations of upper respiratory tract or head and neck infections. Radiological examination by cervical spine X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance images (MRI) revealed that only three cases out of 13 had AAS. All patients underwent conservative treatment that included rest, neck collar, simple analgesics and antibiotics, where appropriate. A muscle relaxant was used in nine cases and Halter traction was applied to the three with AAS. All patients responded well to treatment and none required surgical intervention for AAS.

We conclude that the majority of children presenting acutely with inflammatory torticollis have rotational deformity only without AAS. Progression to the latter, i.e. Grisel’s syndrome, may be aborted should the diagnosis be made early and conservative treatment initiated in time. On the other hand, delay in diagnosis would deprive these children an opportunity of receiving effective conservative treatment.

The authors present a novel way of securing a full thickness skin graft (Wolfe graft) that we believe is not only time saving but also helps to create a dressing that exerts an equal pressure over all areas of the graft.

The aim of this study was to retrospectively survey patients who had undergone radiofrequency ablation of the soft palate for snoring complaints. Fifty-nine patients who had undergone radiofrequency ablation were sent an anonymous questionnaire to assess snoring (using visual analogue scales), pain and satisfaction with the procedure. Sixty-one per cent of the group returned the questionnaire. The mean time since operation was 17.5 months. Taking an improvement in snoring of 50 per cent or greater as a successful operation, snoring improvement occurred in 22 per cent. Post-operative pain was minimal with a median pain score of zero. Information was requested on whether the patient would undergo this procedure again, 50 per cent responded that they would and 44 per cent would advise a friend in the same situation to have this procedure.

Radiofrequency ablation of the soft palate, as in other forms of surgery for snoring, seems to have a relapse rate over the long-term.

The demographics of parotid neoplasms in different populations have been reported by various centres. In this investigation, we reviewed retrospectively all the in-patient and out-patient charts and records of 108 patients who were diagnosed with parotid neoplasms and received parotidectomies in our department from 1 January 1993 to 15 April 2000. Patient age, gender, tumour pathology, fine-needle aspiration cytology results, and the intraparotid anatomy of the facial nerve were noted. We showed that despite the difference between our Taiwanese and previously studied patient populations, both populations had a similar distribution, diagnosis and treatment of parotid neoplasms, although the incidence of parotid tuberculosis was higher in our patient group. In addition, the facial nerve anatomy within the parotid gland had three main branching patterns in the upper and lower division.

Post-operative pain and delayed oral intake are common reasons for failure of discharge in day-case tonsillectomy. A double blind prospective randomized study was devised to investigate the effectiveness of topical bupivacaine in reducing post-operative pain in paediatric day-case tonsillectomy. Ninety-nine patients aged between three and 16 years were recruited into the study. One group received bupivacaine soaked swabs tightly packed in their tonsillar fossae while the control group received saline-soaked swabs. The bupivacaine group was found to drink (p < 0.001) and eat (p = 0.006) earlier than the control group. The pain scores at one (p < 0.001), three (p < 0.001) and six (p < 0.001) hours post-operatively were also found to be lower in the bupivacaine group than the control group. We conclude that topical bupivacaine has a role in facilitating recovery in day-case tonsillectomy in children.

Tonsillectomy is a frequently performed operation but there is little information about the histological features of a tonsillectomy specimen. In this study, we re-evaluated archival materials of 1220 cases who underwent tonsillectomy because of hyperplastic tonsils. Haematoxylin and eosin sections of the cases were re-examined and the presence and the proportion of mesenchymal tissues (skeletal muscle, cartilage, fat, bone) and seromucinous glands were noted as focal, multifocal or abundant. The incidence of skeletal muscle was 89 per cent (1085 cases; 206 focal, 465 multifocal, 414 abundant), seromucinous glands 35 per cent (429 cases; 236 focal, 134 multifocal, 59 abundant), fat 21 per cent (251 cases; 208 focal, 43 multifocal), cartilage three per cent (31 cases), and bone one per cent (seven cases). Also in 165 cases (14 per cent) skeletal muscle, in 12 cases (one per cent) was seromucinous glands, in eight cases (one per cent) was cartilage, in seven cases (one per cent) fat, and in four cases (less than one per cent) bone were found between hyperplastic lymphoid tissue. It can be concluded that mesenchymal tissues (skeletal muscle, cartilage, fat, bone) and seromucinous glands may be seen in different proportions in routine tonsillectomy specimens.

The Doughty split tongue blade is used routinely with the Boyle Davis mouth gag during tonsillectomy. If the width of the slot in the blade is excessive, then the endotracheal tube may herniate through the slot in the blade and become fixed and inseparable from the blade. We report two cases of paediatric tonsillectomy where this potentially serious complication occurred. The slot widths of disposable and reusable Doughty blades were measured and specifications were obtained from several manufacturers. All disposable paediatric Doughty blades and some of the reusable blades were found to have excessively and potentially dangerously wide slots. Compression testing of endotracheal tubes by the manufacturer demonstrated marked increases in deformability on warming to body temperature. Ensuring that the slot width of the Doughty blade is not excessive for the endotracheal tube used is essential and we give recommendations.

We have reviewed our experience of tracheostomy in children over the past 20 years at Sheffield Children’s Hospital. One hundred and forty-eight tracheostomies were performed in 143 children aged one day to 13 years old (average 27 months). Sixty-five per cent of patients were <one year old. The indications for tracheostomy were upper airways’ obstruction in 72 per cent, and assisted ventilation/bronchopulmonary toilet in 28 per cent. The commonest single reason was acquired subglottic stenosis (SGS) in infants, accounting for 25 per cent of tracheostomies (36/143). The complication rate of tracheostomy was 46 per cent, most commonly granulation tissue formation. There were four deaths directly due to the tracheostomy: two accidental decannulations and two obstructions. Eighty-nine children were decannulated under our care. The average time until decannulation was 25 months.

Bibliometric analysis is used to assess the ‘impact’ of scientific journals. The commonest method of evaluation is impact factor. The aim of this study was to analyse the citation data for otorhinolaryngology journals of the years 1994 to 1998. Data on the total number of citations and impact factor of journals was obtained from the CD-ROM editions 1994-98 of the Journal Citation Reports and ‘Web of Science’ database. The adjusted impact factor and five-year impact factor has been calculated. Fifteen otorhinolaryngology journals have been identified and ranked according to the impact factor. Head and Neck has the highest adjusted impact factor. Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery has the highest five-year impact factor. There is considerable variation in the ranking of journals calculated by the five-year impact factor. Impact factors of otolaryngology journals can help to direct readers to those journals that have a track record of publishing data that are frequently cited. Although there are several limitations to the use of citation data to rank journals, the authors recommend the use of the five-year period for calculation of the impact factor for ranking of otolaryngology journals.

The application of a reliable adequate pressure dressing to one side of the neck has always proved difficult, because of the risk of occluding the airway and the vasculature. We describe a method of maintaining well-localized pressure to one side of the neck without undue pressure on the vasculature and the airway by using a stiff cervical collar. This method was used successfully in the conservative management of neck haematoma in two patients.