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Perugia and Post-Tridentine Church Reform

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

Christopher Black
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Extract

There were tears of joy and rounds of applause among the prelates who closed the Council of the Church in Trent Cathedral in December 1563. The 226 signatories to the final decrees and the many other attendant theologians and canon lawyers who had served on sub-committees no doubt had mixed emotions at this conclusion: pride in what had been achieved; relief that the bitter arguments which had characterised many of the final sessions were now ended; thankfulness that, with whatever haste, they had finally agreed on a package of legislation for the sick pope to sign, in case his death would mean that the work was lost or had to be redone; hope and expectation – at least among the genuine reformers – that they could now go out into the world knowing what they had to defend against heretics, and that they had rules – whatever the omissions – to guide their reform of the Church and its members. The sick pope recovered; by June 1564 he had ratified the canons and decrees produced by the Council since its opening in December 1545 and ordered their printing and circulation to diocesan bishops for implementation.

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The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 35 , Issue 3 , July 1984 , pp. 429 - 451
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

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References

* This article is derived from papers presented to groups of historians at Glasgow and Edinburgh Universities and has benefited from comments and questions offered then. This origin, and a case for brevity, explains the article's tactical approach and the selective emphasis on certain issues. Archival research in Perugia is indebted to the generosity of the British Academy, the Carnegie Trust and the University of Glasgow Court; and to the especial co-operation of officials of the Sodalizio Braccio Fortebraccio and Father Costanzo Tabarelli of S. Pietro, Perugia.

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2 For varied reaction to the immediate post-Tridentine challenge, cf. Barletta, op. cit., 140; Jedin, H. and Prodi, P. (eds.), Il Concilio di Trento come croceria delta politico europea, Bologna 1979Google Scholar; Prodi, P., Il Cardinale Gabriele Paleotti (1522–1597), 2 vols., Rome 1959–67, i. 193–232Google Scholar; Il Concilio di Trento e la Riforma Tridentina, Atti del Convegno… Trento…1963, Rome 1965Google Scholar; Romita, F., ‘Le origini della Sacra Congregazione del Concilio’, La Sacra Congregazione del Concilio, Vatican City 1964, 13–50Google Scholar; Rasi, P., ‘L'applicazione delle norme del Concilio di Trento in materia matrimoniale’, Studi di storia e diritto in onore di Arrigo Solmi, Milan 1941, i. 236–7Google Scholar.

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4 Cf. Storia di Milano, x. 1957: ‘L'Eta deila Riforma Cattolica (1559–1630)’; Mols, R., ‘Saint Charles Borromee, pionnier de la pastorale moderne’, Nouvelle Revue Théologique, lxxix (1957), 600–22, 715–47Google Scholar; Alberigo, G., ‘Carlo Borromeo come modello di vescovo’, Rivista Storica Italiana, lxxix (1967), 1031–52Google Scholar; Prodi, P., ‘San Carlo Borromeo e il Cardinale Gabriele Paleotti: due vescovi della Riforma Cattolica’, Crilica Storica (Florence) iii (1964), 135–51Google Scholar.

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9 Grohmann, A., Perugia (series Le Città nella storia d'Italia), Rome and Bari 1981, for the best politico-geographical introduction, with bibliography.Google Scholar

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9 Ibid., 511 n. 1 for figures and sources; Grohmann, Perugia, 20–1, 88–9.

10 Ughelli, F., Italia Sacra, sive de episcopis Italiae… (Venice 1717–22), Bologna 1979 photographic reprint (hereafter cited as Ughelli), i. column 1170Google Scholar; Eubel, Hierarchia, iii. 272; Crispolti, C., Perugia Augusta, (Perugia 1648), Bologna 1974 photo reprint, 274–8Google Scholar; R. Sotii,‘Annali, Memorieet Ricordi’, MS 1221 in Biblioteca Comunale Perugia (hereafter BCP), fos. 124, 175–8; Gabrijelcic, A., ‘Alle origini del Seminariodi Perugia (1559–1600)’, Bollettino delta Deputazione di Storia Patriaper l'Umbria (hereafter cited as BSPU), lxviii (1971), 1–169, 193–201, esp. 27–50 on Corgna's lifeGoogle Scholar; Pastor, L. Von, Storia dei Papi (Cenci, P. and Mercati, A., (Italian eds.), Rome 1910–34, and later reissues), vii. 19, 27, 45–6, viii. 2, 5, 158Google Scholar; cf. Pereni, L., ‘Note e documenti su Pietro Perna libraio-tipografo a Basilea’, Nuova Rivista Storica, 1 (1966), 145–200, at p. 192 for Perna's unfavourable viewGoogle Scholar: ‘È pazzamente altiero, La Corgna et si ignorante, et è mendico, che è più al denaro ch'al honor amico’.

11 CT, ix. 1141, 17 Aug. 1563 document on reform commission, including Corgna.

12 Sotii, ‘Annali’, fos. 175V, 178.

13 Ughelli, i. col. 1170; Crispolti, Perugia Augusta, 274–5; Sotii,‘Annali’, fo. 31v. Ippolito was bishop 1553–62, and then resigned.

14 Ughelli, i. cols, 1170–1; Eubel, Hierarchia, iii. 272–3, correcting Ughelli's dating; Crispolti, Perugia Augusta, 275, 323; Sotii, ‘Annali’, fo. 38; Gabrijelcic, ‘Alle origini del Seminario’, 28, 39–41 (letter of resignation), 49. Bishop 1562–4.

15 Sotii, ‘Annali’, fos. 124, 134–5.

16 Prosperi, A., ‘Bossi, Francesco’, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, xiii (1971), 303–5Google Scholar; Ughelli, i. col. 1171, iv. cols. 725–6, vii. col. 122; Pastor, Storia, ix. 58–9, 669; Crispolti, Perugia Augusta, 277; Sotii, ‘Annali’, fos. 124, 161v; Casagrande, G., ‘Ricerche sulle confraternite delle diocesi di Spoleto e Perugia da “visitationes” cinquecentesche’, BSPU, lxxv (1978), 31–61, esp. p. 43Google Scholar; Prodi, Paleotti, ii. 225, 330, 342; my ‘Perugia and papal absolutism’, 518, 520, 535. Bishop of Perugia 1574–9.

17 Ughelli, i. col. 1171; Crispolti, Perugia Augusta, 278–9, 370–2; Sotii, ‘Annali’, fos. 164, 193V-6; Marinelli, O., La Compagnia di S. Tommaso d'Aquino, Rome 1960, 80Google Scholar.

18 Correspondence in BCP: MS I35(C. 18), mainly letters for 1568–86, but also has 1538 letter from V. Ercolani to his father about his decision to become a Dominican (fos. 1 bis-5v), and Bottonio's life of his uncle (fos. 243–5); MS 479 (G. 68), letters of Ercolani for 1546–69, and letters to Bottonio from others; Ercolani in Rome, 26 December 1562, to Portia Massimi de'Salviati in S. Lucia, Florence, advises her to mind Savonarola's seven spiritual rules. Cf. ‘Bottoni, Timoteo’, Diz. Biog. Ital., xiii. 487–8 who notes that he wrote, or copied, a life of Savonarola. See also Maio, R. De, Bonsignore Cacciaguerra un mistica senese nella Napoli del Cinquecento, Milan and Naples 1965, 160, 199–201Google Scholar.

19 BCP, MS 135, fos. 142–68 on Sarno diocese activity, fos. 142, 167 on unhappiness as a bishop, fos. 143v–4 on the uses of Carlo Borromeo's synodal legislation as guidance. Caraffa, F., ‘“Visite pastorali” nel Lazio Meridionale’, Archiva Ecclesiae, xxii-xxiii 1979–80 (1980), 239–63Google Scholar; Pastor, Storia, viii. 132.

20 BCP, MS 135 fos. 220–1 on the success of his 1582 2-day synod; Decrela et monita edita etpromulgata in Synodo Diocesana Perusina… 1582 Die 16 et 17 Mensis Maij, Perugia 1584 (copy used BCP, I. H. 914(4)); Liber Ritualispro Recta Sacramenlorum, et Sacramentalium Amministratione ad Parochos Dioecesis Perusinae Reverendiss. D. F. Vincentii Herculani…, Perugia 1582 (BCP, I.L. 3005 (2)), gives comment on the sacraments as well as order of ceremonies; Stroppiana, L., Storia dell'ospedale di S. Maria degli Incurabili a Perugia, Perugia 1968, 14Google Scholar.

21 Archivio di Stato, Perugia (hereafter cited as ASP), Confraternita SS. Andrea e Bernardino Delia Giustizia, Miscellanea 3: Libro delli Giustitiali,' fos. 22V–3 on Canon Ranieri Franchi's execution, 25 September 1586; Ranieri, U., La bclla in mano al boia, Milan 1965, 100–1Google Scholar.

22 Ughelli, i. cols. 82–3, 511–12; Crispolti, Perugia Augusta, 279–80; Marinelli, La Compagnia, 32 note 54; ASP, Ricordanze 3 fo. 159V on citizenship; Pastor, Storia, x. 168–9, 173. This Galli should not be confused, as by the indexers of Pastor's volumes, with the more famous Tolomeo Galli, Cardinal Como.

23 Ughelli, i. col. 1172; BCP, MS 3288, Anon. ‘Istoria di Perugia’, 113, 116–53, 267, 275–7; Sotii, ‘Annali’, fo. 192; Marinelli, La Compagnia, 33 and note 56; Grohmann, Perugia, 110.

24 Mengharelli, A., Origini e sviluppo dell'Oratorio Perugino di S. Filippo Neri, 1613–1715, Perugia 1975Google Scholar.

25 De Torres, bishop 1624–34. Ughelli, i. col. 1172; Pastor, Storia, xii. 500–1, xiii. 70–1, 110–11, 230, 264, 985; BCP, MS 3288, ‘Istoria’, 295; cf. Cipolla, C. M., Cristofano and the Plague, London 1973Google Scholar; idem, Faith, Reason and the Plague, Brighton 1979Google Scholar.

26 CT, ix. 750, 979; COD, 761. For examples of councils and synods, see Ravennatensia. Centra Studi e Ricerche sulla Antica Provincia Ecdesiastica Ravennate. Atti dei Convegni…, vols. i-iii, Cesena 1969–72, esp. i. 23–4, 144–5, ii 235–75.

27 Constitutioni sinodali, Rome n.d., Bossio's 1569 Gravina synod; Decreta della prima sinodo… 1588, Asti 1589. Panigarola had visited 110 parish churches and other institutions and he now indicates, pp. 62–8, the organisation for the next synod.

28 Nadro, S. Da, Sinodi diocesani italiani. Catalogo bibliogrqfico degli atti a stampa, Vatican City 1960Google Scholar; cf. Ravennatensia, i. 143–53, with evidence for 11 Cesena synods 1564–1607, while Da Nadro could only record two. For contemporary awareness of the limitations of formal synods, Sposato, Aspelti, 35 and Prodi, Paleotti, i. 222.

29 Da Nadro, Sinodi, nos. 234–43, 259, 270, 280, 303, 349, 388, 403, 407–8, 421, 435, 448, 463, 469, 532, 582; a number of synods are reprinted in A. Ratti (Pius xi) (ed.) Acta Ecclesiae Mediolanensis, iv (1900); Mansi, J. D., Sacrorum Conciliorum…collectio, xxxiv, Paris 1902 edition, prints some provincial councils, while xxxvi bis, col. 93 and passim refer to diocesan synodsGoogle Scholar; Sposato, Aspetti, 19, 161–2; Russo, F., Storia dell'Arcidiocesi di Reggio Calabria, Naples 1966, iii. 74–5, 184Google Scholar.

30 Da Nadro, Sinodi, nos. 51, 516; Corrain, C. and Zampini, P., Documcnti ctnografici nei sinodi dioctsani italiani, Bologna 1970Google Scholar, photo reprint of articles from Palestra del Clew, Rovigo 1964–9, 34–5, 348; Prodi, Paleotti, ii. 153; Mariotti, M., ‘Concili provinciali c sinodi diocesani postridentini in Calabria’, Rivista Storica delta Chiesa in Italia (hereafter cited as RSCI), xxi (1967), 474–5Google Scholar; Girolamo, A. De, Catanzaro e la Riforma Tridcntina, Reggio Calabria 1975, 37Google Scholar.

31 Evidence for synods is clear for 1564, 1567, 1575, 1582, 1584, 1606, 1615, 1618, 1621 and 1632, but Comitoli probably held more than four between 1606 and 1621. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, xxxvi bis cols. 961, 805, 917, 1001; Da Nadro, Sinodi, nos. 35–6, 61, 126, 194, 3 79, 423, 484, 626; Tittarelli, L., ‘I libri dei morti’, Le Fonti delta demogrqfia storica in Italia i, pt 2 (1975), 901Google Scholar; Marinelli, La Compagnia, 80; Tabella processionium in civitate Perusina habendarum… iuxta Synodale Decretum Anni 1621, Perugia 1621; Decreta et Monita synodalia Ecclesiae Perusinae iussu Admodum Ill.is ac R.mi D. Napoleonis Comitoli, Pcrusiae Episcopi, edita, Perugia 1600 (BCP, I. I. 1946).

32 Slaluta et Constitutiones Synodi Diocesis Penuine, Perugia 1566 (BCP, Misc. I. CI (11); Biblioteca Vaticana, Barberini C. vi. 87). Book recommendations, ‘De Habentibus curam Animarum. Const. IV' were: the Summa Angelica, Summa Armilla and St Antoninus’ small Summa. These works were favoured by other reformers like Borromeo, Paleotti and Bascapè, and possessed by Novarese parish priests in the early seventeenth century, Deutscher, T., ‘Seminaries and the education of Novarese parish priests, 1593–1627’, this JOURNAL, xxxii (1981), 307, 312–13Google Scholar.

33 Statuta et Constitutiones Synodalis lecte et publicatae in Secunda Diocesana Synodo Perusina, Perugia 1587 (Bibl. Vat., Barberini C. vi. 87 int. 2). Synod held 15–16 October 1567. The last two pages print a decree of Bishop Bossio, 10 June 1575, stating that nothing need be added to the previous synodal constitutions.

34 Decreta et Monita edita et promulgata in Synodo Diocesana Perusina… 1582 Die 16 et 17 Mensis Maij, Perugia 1584 (BCP, I.H. 914 (4)), 4v–6r, 16v–19v, 36r–9v, and pp. 25r–34r for the 1566 Bull.

35 Bandi dell'Illustre et R.mo Monsignore Francesco Bossi, Vescovo di Perugia, Perugia 1575 (BCP, I.L. 460 (1)), dated 10 February 1575; cf. ConstitutioniSinodali della Chiesa di Gravina, fatte epublicate nella sinodo diocesana. DeWIllustre et Reverendiss. Francesco Bossi, vescovo di Gravina. Nel MDLXIX, a di 4 di agosto, Rome n.d. (BCP, I.H. 914 (2)), Cap. III. p. 2.

36 Institutioni et Avvertimentiper il Buon Regimento del Clero Diocesano di Perugia. Fatti in diverse Congregatione et rinnovati ultimamente nella Congregatione fatta sotto il di II de Giugno 1600. Ristampati in Perugia… MDLXII. (BCP, I.L. 460 (4)), 10, listing do-nots, including: ‘leggere libri, lettere, et altre scritture fuor di quelle, che all'hora fossero necessarie per conto de l'offitij’.

37 Lettera Pastorale di Monsignore Napolione vescovo Alia sua deletta Citta e Populo di Perugia, Perugia 1609 (BCP, I.L. 460 (2)); on translation of relics, below note 94.

38 Nicolini, U., ‘La visita apostolica post-tridentina della diocesi di Perugia (1571–1572): Note e documenti’, in Storia e Cultura in Umbria nell' Età Moderna (secoli xv-xviii): Atti del VII Convegno di Studi Umbri…1969, Perugia 1972, 457–73Google Scholar; Casagrande, ‘Ricerche sulle confraternite’, 38 and passim on visitations to confraternities; Archivio di Sodalizio Braccio Fortebraccio (hereafter cited as ASBF), Scaffola B, S. Francesco, Pluteo VI. no. 509, on 1564 and 1567 visits to confraternities and hospitals (and see below); Tittarelli, ‘I libri dei morti’, 901; Lungarotti, M. C. and Tittarelli, L., ‘Descrizione della città e della diocesi di Perugia. Un manoscritto del xvi secolo’, Annali della Facoltà di Science Politiche, Anni Academici 73–76, N: 13, Perugia 1977, 9, 19–20Google Scholar.

39 Sotii, ‘Annali’, fo. 107.

40 P. Pellini, Della Historia di Perugia, Venice 1664, ii. 807. Pellini was writing before 1585; for its publication complexities see my ‘Perugia and papal absolutism’, 512 n. 2.

41 Sotii, loc. cit., on unpopularity.

42 Led, G. and Tittarelli, L., Le Fond per lo studio della popolazione della Diocesi di Perugia. Dalla meta del xvi secolo al 1860, 2 vols., Gubbio 1976–8Google Scholar.

43 Armellini, M., Le Chiese di Roma dal secolo iv al xix, rev. edn, 2 vols., Rome 1972, esp. i. 92–7Google Scholar; Re, N. Del et al. , Roma centro mondiale di vita religiosa e missionaria (Roma Cristiana ix), Bologna 1968Google Scholar; Lumbroso, M. Maroni and Martini, A., Le Confraternite Romane nelle loro Chiese, Rome 1963Google Scholar.

44 Petracone, C., Napoli dal Cinquecento all'Ottocento. Problemi di storia demografica e sociale, Naples 1974, 10–11Google Scholar; Storia di Napoli, Naples (1976), iii. 157Google Scholar; Rosa, M., ‘Geografia e storia religiosa per 1' “Atlante Storico Italiano”’, Nuova Rivista Storica, liii (1969), 28–30Google Scholar; idem, Religione e società net Mezzogiomo, Bari 1976, 53–6Google Scholar.

45 Russo, , Storia dell'Arcidiocesi di Reggio Calabria, ii (1963), 16–20Google Scholar.

46 Tittarelli, , ‘II “Censimento” pontificio del 1656 nella diocesi di Perugia’, Genus (Rome), xxix (1973), 155–97Google Scholar for statistics given above; Leti and Tittarelli, Le Fonti, i. esp. for changes in parishes, Table I, p. 10, and pp. 144, 149–57, 161, 163–4, 167, 179–83, and for jurisdictional controls the parishes numbered 1, 4, 7, 11, 13, 15–17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 34, 40, 51, 53, 55, 56, 62, 68, 96, 99, 103, 106, 107, 114, 116,, 117, 132, 142, 144–6, 158, 164, 165, 167, 169, 181, 207, 208, 218, 238, 239.

47 Archivio di S. Pietro, Perugia (hereafter cited as A. S. Pietro), Diverse 38, fo. 114, and Mazzo xxxvi, p. 10; Lungarotti and Tittarelli, ‘Descrittione della citta’, 18; Chiacchella, R., Economiae amministrazione a Perugia nel seicento, Reggio Calabria 1974, 144–5Google Scholar, on S. Pietro and passim on seventeenth-century economic difficulties.

48 CT ix. 477–85, 509, 559, 574, 616, 623–30; COD 750–3; O'Donohoe, J. A., ‘The seminary legislation’, Il Concilio di Trento…Convegno 1963, Rome 1965, 157–72Google Scholar; Jedin, H., ‘L'Importanza del decreto tridentino sui seminari nclla vita della Chiesa’, extract from Seminarium, iii (1963)Google Scholar; Wright, A. D., ‘The significance of the Council of Trent’, this JOURNAL, xxvi (1975), 353–62, at p. 357Google Scholar; Pelliccia, G., La Preparazione ed ammissione dei chicrici ai santi ordini nclla Roma del secolo xvi, Rome 1946, esp. 153ffGoogle Scholar; model legislation was provided by Carlo Borromeo's Constitutiones et Deer eta Condita in Provinciate Synodo Mediolanensi, Brescia 1567, 47–50: ‘De Seminario Clericorum’.

49 I am compiling lists of seminaries founded and active in Italian dioceses, but cannot document findings here. For the general difficulties of finding evidence for seminaries, see, e.g., Rosa, M. (ed.), Problemi e ricercke per le Carle Ecclesiastiche dell'Atlante Storico Italianodell'età moderna, Atti del Convegno di Bari, 1970, Florence 1972Google Scholar. Examples of seminaries in difficulties: Jedin, ‘L'Importanza’, 17; G. Gordini, ‘La Formazione del clero faentino’, Ravennatensia, iii. 169–81, esp. p. 171; P. Lopez, Riforma Cattolica e vita religiosa e cullurale a Napoli, Naples and Rome n.d. (c. 1965), 119–21. Deutscher, ‘Seminaries and education’, 304–5.

50 Pelliccia, La Preparazione, 291–2, 302; Paschini, P., ‘Le Origini del Seminario Romano’, in his Cinquecento Romano e riforma Cattolica, Rome 1958, 3–32Google Scholar; Rimoldi, A., ‘Istituzioni di S. Carlo Borromeo per il clero diocesano milanese’, La Scuola Cattolica, xciii (1965), 427–58, esp. pp. 431–6Google Scholar; Storia di Milano, x. 192–4.

51 Perini, C. and Molinari, F. (eds.), Il seminario di Piacenza e ilsuofondatore, Piacenza 1969, esp. pp. 273’95Google Scholar; Molinari in Ravennatensia, iii. 21–64; idem, Il Card, teatino beato Paolo Burali e la riforma tridentina a Piacenza (1568–1576), Rome 1957Google Scholar. On doubts about such training, cf. Rimoldi, ‘Istituzioni’, 452; Burke, P., Popular Culture in Early Modem Europe, London 1978, 271Google Scholar.

52 Gabrijelcic, ‘Alle origini del seminario’, 31–2, 64–5 on foundation period and difficulties, 82–92, 120–41, on rules and curricula; A. S. Pietro, Liber Contratt. 32, fo. 28, an attempt to get the Benedictines to help pay: Deutscher, ‘Seminaries and education’, 305–10, for inclusions and omissions in the curriculum of a slightly less ambitious seminary at Novara.

53 Gabrijelcic, ‘Alle origine’, 128–41; Dizionario Biog. ltal., xi (1969), 676–8Google Scholar.

54 Gabrijelcic, art. cit., 94–6, 150, 159, 162.

55 Gabrijelcic, ibid., 67–70; Ermini, G., Storia dell'Università di Perugia, rev. edn, 2 vols., Florence 1971, i. 405Google Scholar; Pelliccia, La Preparation, 296–8, for Bellarmine.

56 Marcocchi, M., ‘La Personalità di Pio v e le direttive religiose, disciplinari e culturali delle costituzioni del Collegio Ghislieri’, Il Collegio Universilario Ghislieri di Pavia, i, Milan 1966, 93–129Google Scholar; Ermini, op. cit., i. 207–13, 222, 405, 469, 621.

57 C. Crispolti, Idea dello scolare che versa negli studi, Affine di prender il grado di dottorato, Perugia 1604, 58; BCP, MS 3288, Anon. ‘Istoria’, 113, praised this book: ‘opera praticabile allo studente per poter far il corso dell Studio’.

58 Cecchini, G., La Biblioteca Augusta del Comune di Perugia, Rome 1978, 1–38, 147 (Capuchins), 212, 228–9 (inquisitors), 361–2 (Melanchthon), 371–2 (Erasmus), 397 (inquisitors)Google Scholar; BCP, MS 195 (D13), ‘Indice di libri prestati’, esp. fos. 20–2, 49, 53, 91, borrowings in 1590s; MS 186 (D4), ‘Ricordi domestici e note di libri prestati’, Podiani's autograph for period c. 1579–1614, chaotic: fos. 34–5, 44 for religious borrowers; MS 3081, ‘Index librorum Biblioteche Augustae a Prospero Podiani donata’, includes prices for some volumes.

59 Zannini, G. L. Masetti, ‘Ricerche sullaculturae sulla form azionedelclero Picenodopo il Concilio di Trento, I’, Studia Picena, xliii (1976), 60–89, a t 85–6Google Scholar.

60 ASP: S. Pietro Apostolo, vol. 1, Miscellanea, esp. pp. 171, 226, 249; Marinelli, La Compagnia, 33–4. 87.

61 I hope to publish a short monograph on sixteenth-century Italian confraternities. From the considerable literature the following have been important for the general points here: Meersseman, G. G., Ordo Fraternilas. Confratcrnitt e pietà dei laid nel medioevo, 3 vols. Rome 1977Google Scholar; Lopez, P., ‘Le Confraternite laicali in Italia e la riforma Cattolica’, Rivista di Studi Salernitani, 11, no. 4 (1969), 153–238Google Scholar; Meloni, P. L., ‘Topografia, diffusione e aspetti delle Confraternite dei Disciplinati’, extract from Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studio “Risultate eprospettive della ricerca sul Movimento dei Disciplinati” Perugia…1969, Perugia 1972Google Scholar; Casagrande, ‘Ricerche sulle confraternite’, cited above, note 16.

62 Valeri, E., La Fratemità dell'ospedale di S. Maria della Misericordia in Perugia nei secoli xiii-xvii, Perugia 1972, 132Google Scholar; Sotii, ‘Annali’, fo. 42.

63 Casagrande, art. cit., for contado figures especially. For others generally: C. Crispofii, Perugia Augusta, (Perugia 1648), photo reprint Bologna 1974, esp. 174–6; A. Giovio, Dcscrittione de sex Apparati ct Pompefatte in Perugia nella Translation del Corpo di S. Ercolano Vescovo, et Martire, di S. Pietro Abbate, et di S. Bevignate Confessore Perugini. All. 17 di Maggio 1609, Perugia 1610 (see below at note 94); S. Siepi, Descrizionc Topologico-Istorico della Citta di Perugia (Perugia 1822) and 3 vol. photo reprint n.p., n.d., early 1970s; Crispolti, G. B., ‘Memorie di Perugia dall'anno 1578 al 1586’, Cronache della Città di Perugia, ed. Fabretti, A., Turin 1892, iv. 3–141Google Scholar; O. Marinelli, Le Confraternite di Perugia dalle origini al sec. xix. Bibliografia delle opera a stampa, Perugia, n.d., c. 1965.

64 ASP: S. Domenico, Miscellanea 77, ‘Nomi dei Fratelli e delle Sorelle del SS. Nome di Dio, 1601-’, incomplete and poorly organised lists; ASP: Ex Congregazioni di Carita no. 30: S. Pietro Martire I, ‘Adunanzeericordi vari, 1548–1601’, with gaps; cf. Marinelli, Le Confraternite, 880–905.

65 Casagrande, ‘Ricerche sulle confraternite’, 39, 43, 57–61, notes eleven for women.

66 Pizzoni, C., ‘La Confraternità dell'Annunziata in Perugia’, Il Movimento deiDisciplinati nel settimo centenario dal suo inizio… Convegno…1960, Perugia 1962, 146–55Google Scholar: nobles provided dowries for poor girls. The S. Maria della Misericordia confraternity connected with the municipal hospital and its orphanage was socially mixed, Valeri, La Fraternità, and Stroppiana, L., Storia dell'Ospedale di S. Maria della Misericordia e S. Nicolo degli Incurabili a Perugia, Perugia 1968Google Scholar. This one had a clerical membership; for the strictly lay societies, see discussion below.

67 Constitutioni et Capitoli della Venerabile Confraternite della Madonna della Consolatione di Perugia P.S.A. Riformati net Anno MDCXII, Perugia 1613, cap. xvii.

68 E.g., in addition to ones mentioned elsewhere, S. Martino specialised in providing alms for the ‘poveri vergognosi’, Crispolti, Perugia Augusta, 176–7; S. Girolamo ran the Pia Casa della Carita for needy and abandoned girls, and the Morte e Orazione company provided decent burials, organised pilgrimages or Quarantore eucharist celebrations. Nessi, S., ‘La Confraternita di S. Girolamo in Perugia’, Miscellanea Francescana, lxviii (1967), 78–115Google Scholar; G. B. Crispolti, ‘Memorie’.

69 E.g., Costituzioni et Capitoli Gcncrali delle Fraternite di S. Agostino, S. Domenico, et S. Francesco di Perugia, riformate delCAnno 1530 con le aggiunte et riformationi fatte deWanno 1565, Perugia 1565 (ASBF Scaff. B, S. Agostino no. 489); Conslitutioni della Ven. Confraternita del Sacratissimo Corpo di Christo et di S. Pietro Marlire in Perugia P. S. Pietro. Riformate, et ampliati del 1601. Di ordine del molto Illustre et Reverendiss. Monsig. Napolione Comitoli Vescovo digniss. di Perugia, Perugia 1601 (BCP, II. 1 108/4), and cf. old 1531 statutes BCP, MS 3139.

70 The Sodalizio Braccio Fortebraccio, as successor to S. Francesco, houses the Archive of all three confraternities, cited as ASBF. Generally useful were Scaff. C., S. Domenico no. 430 ‘Adunanze 1564–1607’; Scaff. B, S.Francesco no. 457 ‘Libro dei Verbali 1566–90’, and cf. no. 456, ‘Libro dei verbali 1438–1510’ with more meagre activities.

71 ASBF, no. 457, fos. 264–6. Dec. 1586-Jan. 1587.

72 ASBF, sources as in note 70; also Scaff. B, no. 450, ‘Libro della Dote 1536–1598’; no. 442, ‘Libro delle Dote 1590–1617’; no. 508 (a), ‘Carte varie relative al lavori d'arte eseguiti nell'Oratorio… 1573–1849’, notably for the long controversies, esp. 1625–7, over G. A. Scaramuccia's cycle of paintings in S. Francesco's Oratory and their unsatisfactory condition, and his claims for payment - cf. no. 458, ‘Verbali’, fo. 267, for 1618 decision to commission him, and passim on the dispute; ASP: S. Pietro Martire I, ‘Adunanze’, for embellishments to its oratory near S. Domenico.

73 See above note 21, ‘Libro delli Giustitiali’; statistics in Black, ‘Perugia and papal absolutism’, 535. n. 1.

74 Stroppiana, Storia dell'Ospedale, 15–16; F. Verduccioli, Lo Spedal Grande di S.M. della Misericordia di Perugia, Orvieto 1672, the prior of the hospital's own sad report.

75 Session XXII, De Reformatione, canon VIII: COD, 740; 1569 Ravenna provincial council, Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, xxxv, cols. 620, 639–41.

76 Meloni, ‘Tipografia’, 21–2, 25, 28.

77 ASBF, Scaff. B, no. 509: ‘1564 Visitatio Epi. Cornei’, notarised copy of records, 1620; and ‘1628 Verbali di esami testimoniali sulla questione della pretesa giurisdizione del vescovo sulle Fraternite’; the Bull, according to the MS index, should be Pergamena no. 209, but could not be found; R. Guèze, ‘Confraternite di S. Agostino, S. Francesco e S. Domenico a Perugia’, Il Movimento dei Disciplinati, 597–623.

78 Montari, M., Mille anni della chiesa di S. Pietro a Perugia e del suo patrimonio, Foligno 1966Google Scholar, is disappointingly inaccurate, though he has useful passages on economic aspects; some useful papers in ‘Convegno storico per il Millenio dell'Abbazia di S. Pietro in Perugia’, BSPU, lxiv (1967)Google Scholar; A. S. Pietro, MS (by M. Bini), ‘Memorie storiche del monastero di S. Pietro di Perugia dell'Ordine di S. Benedetto, raccolte… 1848’, a chronology with a guide to the rich archives, though sometimes misleading. The diversity of monastic activities is best seen in the cellarers' records, e.g. Diverse 89, ‘Ricordi dal 1554 al 1621’, and Diverse 38, ‘Libro di Ricordi da 1527 al 1610’. Mazzo, xxxvi, ‘Conti e relatione dello stato del venerabile Mon. ro di S. Pietro di Perugia. Anno 1650’, is a good description of achievements, resources and expenditure by then.

79 A. S. Pietro, Diverse 38, fo. 114.

80 Chiacchella, R., ‘Peruna storia della parrocchia in Umbria nei secoli xvii e xviii’, BSPU, lxxiv (1977), 57–79, at 57 espGoogle Scholar.

81 Key episodes described: A. S. Pietro, Div. 38, fos. 124, 137, i45v-g, 159; Div. 89, fos. iov, 46–51; Libro dei Contratti 32, fos. 22–8 (on S. Costanzo); Bini, ‘Memorie’, i. 132–3, 138, 144–5; Black, ‘Perugia and papal absolutism’, 536.

82 Chiacchella, art. cit., 57.

83 A. S. Pietro, Div. 38, fo. 78, cellarer considers it good to spend money decorating churches; fo. 105, help for nunneries in 1574; Mazzo, xxxvi, pp. 8–10, on 1650 sums.

84 Prodi, Paleotti, i. 223–8, ii. 50–3, 302, 330–4 (on struggle with Governor Doria); idem, II sovrano pontejice, Bologna 1982, 251–93Google Scholar.

85 Burke, Popular Culture, Part 3; Bercé, Y.-M., Fête et réuolte des mentalités populaires du xvie au xviiie siècle. Essai, Paris 1976, 145–7Google Scholar; Davis, N. Z., ‘Some tasks and themes in the study of popular religion’, The Pursuit of Holiness, Trinkaus, C. and Oberman, H. O. (eds.), Leiden 1974, 307–36Google Scholar.

86 Baldacchini, L., Bibliografia delle stampe popolari religiose del xui-xvii secolo, Biblioteche Vaticana, Alessandrina, Estense, Florence 1980, for Perugian publications nos. 9, 23, 49, 50, 72, 111, 143, 149, 154–6, 172, 185, 201–2, 228, 230Google Scholar.

87 Corrain and Zampini, Documenti elnogrqfici, 125–9, summarises 1600 and 1632 synodal legislation.

88 ‘Libro delli Giustitiali’ (cited above, note 21), fo. 26.

89 Pellini, Delia Historia di Perugia, iii. 961; Fabretti, Cronache, iii. 143–8; Black, ‘Perugia and papal absolutism’, 529; BCP, MS 3288, ‘Istoria di Perugia’, 183–6.

90 Sotii, ‘Annali’, fos. 137, 157; BCP, MS 3288, ‘Istoria’, 262.

91 BCP, MS 3288, 295–6; ASP, Ricordanze 3, fo. 156V, the city magistrates in 1586 questioned whether the ring was not now being shown to too many people; the whitish alabaster ring had been brought to Perugia in the 1470s from a monastery in neighbouring Chiusi by a defecting German friar, and it was then made a major cult object by Perugia.

92 Sotii, ‘Annali’, fo. 133; ASBF, Scarf. B, no. 457, fos. 121V–2, 127V–8, on the three confraternities' participation in 1575; A. S. Pietro Diverso 38, fos. 27V–8, on the monastery feasting pilgrims on their way out of the city. In 1577 or 1578 Perugian confraternities reciprocally welcomed members of Rome's S. Trinità confraternity, including the composer Palestrina; Sotii, fo. 153V says 1578, while Div. 38, fos. 121V–2, gives 1577. For the 1600 pilgrimage, Div. fo. 175–6, and Mazzo, xxxvi, has a booklet describing in detail the Compagnia della Morte's pilgrimage.

93 BCP, MS 3288, ‘Istoria’, 173–80.

94 Giovio, Descrittione (above note 63); cf. BCP, MS 3288, ‘Istoria’, 116–53, for a slightly shorter version. I have not traced another description, G. Panziera, Relationc dell'apparalo, e processione fatta in Perugia…, Perugia 1609 (cf. Marinelli, Le Confratemite. 873, no. 4833).

95 Prodi, Il sovrano pontefice, 257–80.

96 Grohmann, Perugia, 108–12, for summary of building activities. ASP, Corporazioni Soppresse: S. Domenico, vol. 8, ‘Ricordanze-Memoriali del Convento 1566–1720’; above cited S. Pietro sources; for Jesuits, Crispolti, Perugia Augusta, 156–63, and Siepi, Descrizio, 523.