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⁷ See Churchill, E. F., ‘The Crown and the alien: a review of the crown protection of the alien, from the Norman Conquest down to 1689’, Law Quarterly Review 34 (1920), 426.Google Scholar

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¹³ The earl of Shaftesbury had been amenable to the settlement of the Jews in the mid 1650s: Louise Fargo, Brown, The First Earl of Shaftesbury, New York-London 1933, 65.Google Scholar

¹⁴ The first and most widely quoted version, the version in the Public Record Office, was published by Henry Richard Fox Bourne, in The Life of John Locke, London 1876, i. 174-94.Google ScholarThe final version is Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Locke c. 28, ‘An Essay concerning Toleracion 1667’, which was published by Carlo Augusto Viano, Scritti Editi e Inediti sulla Tolleranza, Turin 1961, 81–107.Google Scholar

¹⁵ J. W., Gough, John Locke's Political Philosophy, Oxford 1950, 198;Google ScholarViano, , Scritti, 86Google Scholar

¹⁶ For the literature on Locke‘s view on toleration, see Frederick C., Griffin, ‘John Locke and religious toleration’, Journal of Church and State 11 (1967), 378–90;Google ScholarJohn Gerald Anglim, ‘Locke and Toleration’, unpubl. PhD. diss., Harvard 1975;Google ScholarSamuel C., Pearson Jr, ‘The religion of John Locke and the character of his thought’, Journal of Religion lviii (1978), 244–62;Google ScholarRichard Ashcraft, , Revolutionary Politics and Locke's Two Treatises of Government, Princeton 1986, chs x, xi.Google Scholar

¹⁷ E. S., De Beer (ed.), The Correspondence of John Locke (hereinafter cited as Correspondence), 9vols, Oxford 1976–1982, 2. 30–1, 56–8.Google ScholarSee also G., Weil, ‘ Aus einen Briefe John Lockes’, Soncino Blatter i (1925–1926), 199–208.Google ScholarI am grateful to Professor Randal Alford for his assistance in the translation. The following articles describe the activities and associations of Abendana: I.Abrahams, ‘Isaac Abendana's Cambridge Mishnah and Oxford calendars’, TJHSE viii–ix (1915–19201), 98–121;Google ScholarDavid S., Katz, ‘The Abendana brothers and Christian hebraists of seventeenth–century England’, this JOURNAL xl (1989), 28–52.Google ScholarFor the circulation of the Kabbala Denudata in Restoration England, see Anne, Conway, The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, ed. Peter Loptson, , The Hague 1982, 7ff.Google Scholar

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²³ Lucien Wolf, , ‘The first stage of Anglo–Jewish emancipation’, in Cecil Roth, (ed.), Essays in Jewish History, London 1934, 126.Google ScholarBy 1677, Sir Solomon de Medina, the greatest army contractor of his day, was paying £32,000 in tax, and would finance the duke of Marlborough's campaigns: Elkan Nathan Adler, London, Philadelphia 1930, 113.Google Scholar

²⁴ John, Locke, Epistola de Tolerantia, A Letter on Toleration, ed. Raymond, Klibansky, trans. J. W., Gough, Oxford 1968, 105.Google Scholar

²⁵ Harold, Pollins, The Economic History of the Jews in England, London 1982, 43, states that in 1680 the Jews in London numbered 414 and in 1695 they were 751.Google ScholarBy 1695, the number had reached 800: Barnett, K. D., ‘Anglo–Jewry in the eighteenth century’, in V. D., Lipman (ed.), Three Centuries of Anglo–Jewish History, London 1961.Google Scholar

²⁶ For Thomas Beaumont's action against the Jews, see the discussion in Max Kohler, ‘The doctrine that “Christianity is a part of the Common Law”, and its recent judicial overthrow in England, with particular reference to Jewish rights’, Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society xxxi (1928), 122.Google Scholar

²⁷ Quoted in Henriques, The Jews, 154.Google Scholar

²⁸ G., Care, Liberty of Conscience, London 1689, 10. Locke owned a copy of this treatise.Google Scholar

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³¹ See also Correspondence, iv. 110.Google Scholar

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³³ See Wilfred S. Samuel, ‘The first London synagogue of the re–settlement’, TJHSE ix (1921–1923), esp. p. 55;Google ScholarHenry, Newcome, Autobiography (Chetham Society xxvii, 1852), 262.Google ScholarFor the synagogues see Henriques, , The Jews, 151–2.Google Scholar

³⁴ Correspondence, i. 237;Google ScholarLocke's Travels in France, 1675–1679, ed. John, Lough, Cambridge 1953; 12.Google ScholarPerhaps his advocacy of religious freedom for the Jews was also inspired by Surinam where the status of the Jews had been changed in 1665: in that year, an act was passed to the effect that Jews be ‘considered as English born’, and that they be granted land to ‘build thereon places of worship and schools’.Google ScholarLocke, who had been active since the mid–1660s in projects for colonising the neighbouring Bahamas, was aware of all legal developments in the area.Google ScholarSee Act of Surinam (17 Aug. 1665) in Lindo, E. H., History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal, London 1848, 381–3.Google ScholarOn Locke and the Bahamas, see Bourne, , John Locke, i. 292.Google Scholar

³⁵ Toleration Act, 1689 in Andrew Browning, (ed.), English Historical Documents, 1660–1714, New York–Oxford 1953, 400–3.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Locke, , Two Tracts, 169–70.Google Scholar

⁴¹ The Two Charters Granted by King Charles IId. To the Proprietors of Carolina. With the First and Last Fundamental Constitutions of that Colony, London 1669/1670, 49. Although Locke was not the author, his influence on the part dealing with religion is evident.Google Scholar

⁴² Jonas, Proast, A Third Letter Concerning Toleration. In Defense of the Argument of the Letter concerning Toleration, briefly consider'd and Answer'd, Oxford 1691, 3.Google Scholar

⁴³ William Prynne, , A Short Demurer to the Jewes, London 1655, argued against the admission of the Jews because he did not believe that ‘it may be a very probable hopefull means of the general calling and conversion of the Jewish Nation to the Christian Faith’, 89.Google ScholarSee also , W.H., Anglo–Judaeus, Or the History of the Jews Whilst here in England, London 1655/1656, 50: ‘That the Jews conversion draws nigh, is a greater truth, then that their Reduction hither would be a means unto it’.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ John, Locke, ‘A Third Letter for Toleration to the Author of the Third Letter Concerning Toleration’, London 1692, in The Works, 6. 229, 231.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ ‘A Third Letter’, 380.Google ScholarAnother rebuttal of the Third Letter came from an anonymous writer who condemned Locke's absolute toleration as a ‘senseless and insipid Project of Imagination’ that no religious group in power would accept. In A Full Enquiry into the Power of Faith, the Nature of Prophecy, the Translation of Enoch and Elias and the Resurrection of Christ, London 1693, 60 the author taunted Locke, : ‘Offer the Argument to the Pagan, Jew, Mahumetan, to the Catholick, Arian, Presbyterian, or Independent, when they are established, and see if they will admit it’.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Henriques, , The Jews, 163–4;Google Scholarfor Anglesey and Shaftesbury, see Ashcraft, , Revolutionary Politics, 112;Google ScholarAnglesey's statement is quoted by Wolf in ‘Status’, 192–3.Google ScholarFor the background to Anglesey's interest in the Jews, see Mark Goldie, , ‘Sir Peter Pett, sceptical Toryism and the science of toleration in the 1680s', in Sheils, W. J. (ed.), Persecution and Toleration, (Studies in Church History xxi, 1984), 226n.Google ScholarIn 1685, Samuel Hayne, surveyor for the Act of Navigation in Devon and Cornwall, had written to Charles II, also in the hope that the latter would force the Jews to ‘pay your Majesties Customs’: Samuel Hayne, , An Abstract of all the Statutes, London 1685.Google Scholar

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⁴⁹ In his naturalisation–for–conversion argument, Locke's attitude to the Jews of England recalls that held during the Interregnum.Google ScholarThe advocates of Jewish settlement then had argued similarly: unless the Jews are allowed residence on English soil, wrote Thomas Barlow, who dedicated his The Case of the Jews to Robert Boyle, the Jews would have no avenue to Protestant salvation: Thomas, Barlow, The Case of the Jews, London 1692, esp. p. 48.Google ScholarSee also the 1655 negotiations for the admission of the Jews in Lucien, Wolf, Menasseh Ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell, London 1901;Google ScholarCecil, Roth, A Life of Menasseh Ben Israel, Philadelphia 1934.Google Scholar

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⁵¹ See t h e letter from Locke to Whitby, Correspondence, vi. 548.Google Scholar

⁵² Bourne, , John Locke, ii. 217fT., especially in 1691 when Newton visited Locke at Oates.Google Scholar

⁵³ John, Locke, A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Romans, Ephesians, ed. Arthur, W. Wainwright, Oxford 1987, 2. 693–4, appendix x.Google ScholarAs Wainwright calculates, Locke borrowed 123 entries from Lightfoot and 49 from Allix.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ See Nabil, I. Matar, ‘The idea of the Restoration of the Jews in English Protestant thought: 1660–1701’, Harvard Theological Review lxxviii (1985), 115–48;Google Scholar also Richard Popkin, ‘Jewish Messianism and Christian millenarianism’, in Perez Zagorin, (ed.), Culture and Politics, Berkeley 1980, 67–90.Google Scholar

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⁶¹ John, Lightfoot, ‘The Harmony, Chronicle, and Order of the New Testament’, in The Works of John Lightfoot, ed. John Roger, Pitman, London 1823, iii. 410, 412: ‘I see not how we can look upon the conversion of the Jews, under a lower notion than the conversion of a brood of antichrist...Jerusalem should [not] be built again, when the fulness of the Gentiles is come in, which the Jews conceit: nor that then the Jews should be unblindfolded, and become a gospel–church, as the Gentiles had been.’Google Scholar

⁶² Peter, Allix, An Examination of Several Scripture Prophecies, London 1707, 46 : ‘The Jews since their destruction by Vespasian, having mistaken the sense of the 38th and 39th Chapters of Ezekiel, have confounded the Ideas of that description of the Temple, and have applyed it to a time to come. But there is still among them one part of their Commentators who believe the Prophecies never promised them a 3rd re–establishment in their own Land’.Google Scholar

⁶³ Although Daniel Whitby, disapproved of Locke's view on the resurrection, he shared with the philosopher belief in the Restoration of the Jews, and in his A Critical Commentary and Paraphrase of the Old and New Testament and the Apocrypha (1 st edn, London 1703) sharply criticised the position of John Lightfoot and Henry Hammond: see the ‘appendix’ to Romans xi containing ‘A Discourse on the Calling of the Jews to the Christian Faith’.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ See Bodl. Lib., MS Locke c. 27, fos 25gv–26or.Google ScholarSeder Olam was first published in Latin and was translated by J., Clark in London 1694: Seder Olam: or the Order, Series, or Succession of all the Ages, Periods, and Times of the Whole World. Locke was taking his notes directly from the English version.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ For Henry, Hammond's opposition to Restoration, see his A Paraphrase and Annotation Upon all the Books of the New Testament, 1st edn 1653, London 1659, esp. pp. 49 iff (commentary on Romans xi).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Bourne, , John Locke, ii. 217ff.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Bodl. Lib., MS Locke c. 27, fo. 88r: ‘The Interpretation of that Prophecy. The temple opened in heaven. The ark seen. Voices, thunders, lightnings.’Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Yahuda MS. 9. 2. fo. I58r quoted in Manuel, Frank E., The Religion of Isaac Newton, Oxford 19741, 67.Google ScholarSee also ‘Upon the Prophecies’, in Isaaci Newtoni Opera, ed. Samuel Horsley, , London 1785, v. 375–6.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Thomas Morgan, , The Moral Philosopher in a Dialogue between Philalethes a Christian Deist and Theophanes a Christian Jew, London 1737, 342–3.Google ScholarFor a general survey of this issue, see Matar, Nabil I., ‘The controversy over the Restoration of the Jews in English Protestant thought: 1701–1753’, Durham University Journal lxxx (1988), 241–56.Google Scholar

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⁷¹ When Robert Boyle died in 1691, his will provided a sum to a lecturer ‘for proving the Christian Religion, against notorious Infidels, viz. Atheists, Theists, Pagans, Jews, and Mahometans’: Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle, ed. Thomas, Birch, London 1744, 1. 108.Google ScholarFor an evaluation of the lectures see Henry, Guerlac and Jacob, M. C., ‘Bentley, Newton and providence (The Boyle Lectures once more)’, Journal of the History of Ideas xxx (1969), 307–18;Google Scholarand for the earlier phase in Boyle's career, Jacob, J. R., ‘Boyle's circle in the Protectorate: revelation, politics, and the millennium’, Journal of the History of Ideas 38 (1977), 131–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷² Correspondence, vi. 614; ii. 56–7.Google Scholar For other references to Judaic texts, see . ii. 137, 427; to Jewish coins, vii. 90–1.Google Scholar

⁷³ Anon, . The Temple of Solomon with all its Porches, London 1724, A2r.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ John, Lightfoot, ‘The Temple, especially as it stood in the Days of our Saviour’, London 1650, in Works, 11. 211.Google Scholar

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⁷⁶ Menassah Ben, Israel, The Hope of Israel, London 1655.Google ScholarFor Locke's familiarity with Ben Israel's work, see the reference in a letter by Nicholas Toinard to Locke in Correspondence, ii. 277.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Maurice Cranston, , ‘The politics of John Locke’, History Today xi (1952), 621.Google Scholar