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⁸ For a critical compilation of these and many more such descriptions from scholarly works and textbooks during the past decade or so, see Merrell, James H., “Some Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians,” William and Mary Quarterly, 46 (1989), 94–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹¹ Traditionally it was held that the pre-Columbian population of North and South America was no more than 8 to 14 million, with a million or less north of Mexico. In 1966, building on the pioneering work of Woodrow Borah and Sherburne F. Cooke, Henry Dobyns published a watershed analysis concluding that there were probably about 10 million people north of Mexico, 25 million in central Mexico alone, and 90 to 112 million in North and South America combined. See Dobyns, Henry, “Estimating Aboriginal American Population: An Appraisal of Techniques with a New Hemispheric Estimate,” Current Anthropology, 7 (1966), 395–416CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Since that time these figures, or something close to them, have become the conventional wisdom, supported by numerous independent studies of particular locales. Recently Dobyns has published a much more controversial study which suggests in passing that pre-Columbian America north of Mexico may have had a population of 18 million or more. Dobyns, Henry, Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern Northern America (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983), 42.Google Scholar

¹² Although it long has been believed by Western scholars that the first Polynesians arrived in Hawai'i perhaps 800 to 1000 years before Cook, recent radiocarbon dating of habitation sites show conclusively that the islands were inhabited at least by the first century A.D. – that is, about 1800 years before Cook's arrival – and possibly much earlier, as the native people themselves have always claimed. For a good general survey of recent studies, see Spriggs, Matthew, “The Hawaiian Transformation of Ancestral Polynesian Society: Conceptualizing Chiefly States,” in Gladhill, John, Bender, Barbara, and Larsen, Mogens Trolle (eds.), State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralisation (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 57–73.Google Scholar

¹³ Daws, Gavan, Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands (New York: Macmillan, 1968), 3, 65–66Google Scholar. Daws's charge of “thievery,” by the way, was addressed and dismissed by Captain Cook and others of his crew within two days of their first contact with the Hawaiians. On the Hawaiians as, on the contrary, the most honest people Cook and his men had ever encountered, see among numerous statements, Cook, James, “Journal,” in Beaglehole, J. C. (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society and the University Press, 1967), III, Part One, 272.Google Scholar

¹⁴ King's initial estimate, recorded in his journal, is reprinted in Beaglehole, , ed., The Journals of Captain James Cook, III, Part One, 620Google Scholar. Schmitt's estimates have fluctuated between 200,000 and 250,000; his most recent guess of around 250,000 appears in his chapter on population in Atlas of Hawai'i, Second Edition (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1985), 107Google Scholar. McArthur, 's study, Island Populations of the Pacific (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1968)Google Scholar is best read in conjunction with Pirie, Peter's excellent critique in Australian Geographical Studies, 6 (1968), 175–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I am grateful to McArthur's colleague, Gavan Daws (personal communication), for information on her estimate of less than 100,000 for Hawai'i.

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¹⁹ None of the major islands or island groups – from the Marquesas to the Mangarevas and Easter Island (Rapanui) – contained fewer than 100 people per square mile at the time of Western contact. On the Marquesas, see Dening, Greg, Islands and Beaches – Discourse on a Silent Land: Marquesas, 1774–1850 (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1980), 239Google Scholar. (Dening reports a Marquesan population of about 90,000 at the time of Western contact. The Marquesas contain 492 square miles, for a population density of about 183 persons per square mile). On the Mangarevas and Rapanui, see Kirch, Patrick Vinton, Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 19.Google Scholar

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²³ Dobyns, , “Estimating Aboriginal American Population,” 395Google Scholar; Jennings, , The Invasion of America, 16.Google Scholar

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²⁷ Although no precise numbers are available on the number of kauwā in Hawai'i prior to Western contact, one well placed nineteenth century Hawaiian chronicler – who, as a Christian convert, generally went out of his way to echo the Western criticisms of pre–1778 Hawai'i as a land of despotism – claimed they totaled “a thousand or more.” Beckwith, Martha (ed.), Kepelimo's Traditions of Hawai'i (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1932), 142Google Scholar. This, the only numerical estimate on record, would mean the kauwā represented less than one half of one percent of the population, even if Robert Schmitt's low total population estimate is accepted. According to the US Census, in 1790 the total population of the American South was 1,961,174 of whom 657,327–33·5 percent – were slaves.

²⁸ Stokes, John F. G., “Dune Sepulture, Battle Mortality, and Kamehameha's Alleged Defeat on Kaua'i,” Hawaiian Historical Society Report, 45 (1936), 36Google Scholar. See also the discussion in Schmitt, Robert, “Catastrophic Mortality in Hawai'i” Hawaiian journal of History, 3 (1969), 66–67Google Scholar; and his passing comment in “Famine Mortality in Hawai'i,” The journal of Pacific History, 5 (1970), 110.Google Scholar

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