¹ For example, Becker, Peter, Rule of Fear: The Life and Times of Dingane, King of the Zulu (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1964), a most disappointing biography of Dingane. The least one can say against Becker is that he seemed more anxious to impress the reader with his smattering of the Zulu language than with understanding of his subject. He portrayed Dingane as a liar and as a dissembler. Most of the ‘facts’ in the primary sources were faithfully recorded without any textual criticism.Google ScholarGeorge, E. Cory (ed.), The Diary of the Rev. Francis Owen (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1926), also harped on the treachery theme (p. iii). See pages 87–98 for important role played by ‘runaway Zulus’ in bringing about disruption of relations between Dingane and the British traders.Google ScholarGardiner, Allen F., Narrative of a Journey to the Zoolu Country in South Africa (London: William Crofts, 1836)–this book is a must for those who wish to have an insight into Dingane's utilitarian attitude towards Europeans. Gardiner characterized the Zulu monarch as mischievous–see page 65 of Diary of the Rev. Francis Owen.Google ScholarHerrman, Louis (ed.), Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa, 2 vols. (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1936 and 1937), the second volume is by far the best source for the early years of Dingane's reign; Nathaniel Isaacs, the author, labelled the Zulu king ‘a complete dissembler’ (ii, pp. 200–4).Google ScholarMackeurtan, Graham, The Cradle Days of Natal 1497–1845 (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1930), portrayed Dingane as capricious (esp. p. 168).Google ScholarMorris, Donald R., The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879 (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1965) argued that the king's only interest was ‘self-indulgence’ and that he was merely treacherous'; he failed to recognize the importance of Zulu escapees (see esp. pp. 116–41).Google ScholarStuart, James and Malcolm., D. Mck. (eds.), The Diary of Henry Francis Fynn (Pietermaritizburg: Shuter and Shooter, 1950): this is a must for those who are interested in the maliciousness of the black wards of the Europeans.Google Scholar

² Isaacs, , Travels, II, 193.Google Scholar

³ Stuart, and Malcolm, (eds.) Diary of Fynn, 174.Google Scholar

⁴ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 23–36.Google Scholar

⁵ Ibid, II, 229.

⁶ Ibid. 21; Stuart and Malcolm, Diary of Fynn, 162–3, 221, 241. The exceptions were Jacob, Meika and Sotobe. The last mentioned was appointed the principal chief on the Natal side of the Tugela.

⁷ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 214, 221;Google ScholarGardiner, , p. 44–6;Google ScholarSchapera, I., Governinent and Politics in Tribal Societies (London: Watts, 1956), 158. A notable exception here was Mpande.Google Scholar

⁸ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 164–73, 257–60.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid 208, 210–11, 232, 165–73; Gardiner, Journey, 44–6; Owen, Diary, 93.

¹⁰ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 209–15.Google Scholar

¹¹ Ibid. 241.

¹² Ibid. 232; Isaacs, Travels, 1, 156–7, 271, II, 247; Gardiner, Journey 44–6; Owen, Diary, 87–8.

¹³ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 232.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Ibid., 65–74; John, Bird, The Annals of Natal, 1495–1845, 2 vols. (Pietermaritzburg: P. Davis and Sons, 1888), I, 150.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 167.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Ibid. 209; Bird, , Annals, I, 125.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Gardiner, , Journey, 44–7;Google ScholarStuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 241.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 257–9.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Ibid. 192–3, 199–203, 213; Isaacs, , Travels, II, 203, 217–18, 227–8;Google ScholarOwen, , Diary, 91, 98, 112, 122.Google Scholar

²⁰ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 27–8, 31–2.Google Scholar

²¹ Ibid. 28, 188.

²² Ibid. 63–8, 78, 173, 18.

²³ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 238; Gardiner, Journey, 68.Google Scholar

²⁴ Isaacs, , Travels, 30, 108.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid. 180; Bird, , Annals, i, 196;Google ScholarPercival, R. Kirby (ed.), Andrew Smith and Natal (Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society, 1955), 70.Google Scholar

²⁶ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 181–9;Google ScholarStuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 188.Google Scholar

²⁷ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 188.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibid. 200; Stuart and Malcolm, Diary of Fynn, 290.

²⁹ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 190–4;Google ScholarIsaacs, , Travels, II, 297–203. The Ilovu River is about 20 miles from Port Natal.Google Scholar

³⁰ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 206–15;Google ScholarStuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 594–5.Google Scholar

³¹ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 595–6;Google ScholarIsaacs, , Travels, II, 219. The king actually obtained twelve musket boys. Military assistance was also given Dingane by the Portuguese at Delagoa Bay. See Stuart and Malcolm, 198.Google Scholar

³² Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 196;Google ScholarIsaacs, , Travels, II, 259. Dingane readily believed Fynn's excuse for failure to give him more muskets. He indicated a willingness to exchange, in the future, his ivory for any trumpery Fynn might present to him.Google Scholar

³³ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 196–7;Google ScholarIsaacs, , Travels, II, 239–20.Google Scholar

³⁴ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 197, 398.Google Scholar

³⁵ Ibid. 197–9.

³⁶ Ibid, 199–207.; Isaacs, , Travels, II, 222–7. Ogle also seems not to have left Natal.Google Scholar

³⁷ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 223, 227;Google ScholarStuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 207.Google Scholar

³⁸ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 205–6.Google Scholar

³⁹ Ibid. 226.

⁴⁰ Ibid. 51, 175.

⁴¹ Ibid. 179–80.

⁴² Msika for having been one of Tshaka's favourites, Lukilimba for having virtually disavowed his allegiance to the Zulu monarch.

⁴³ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 204–5;Google ScholarIsaacs, , Travels, II, 228.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 209, 217;Google ScholarIsaacs, , Travels, II, 227–30.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 209–15.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Ibid, 216–17.

⁴⁷ Ibid, 210.

⁴⁸ Bird, , Annals, i, 263.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Stuart, and Nalcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 214.Google Scholar So completely had Fynn been duped by his African adherents that not even the assurances of James Cawood, just returned from the king's capital, that the Zulu were about to attack not the settlement but Mzilikazi had any effect on him. See Ibid, 253.

⁵⁰ Ibid. 220–9.

⁵¹ Ibid. 230.

⁵² Gardiner, , Journey, 23–71;Google ScholarStuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 237–8. The fact that Dambuza and Mdlela had to be consulted on all weighty matters of state would seem to suggest that Dingane's despotism was not as absolute as that of his predecessor.Google Scholar See also Owen, , Diary, 49, 52.Google Scholar

⁵³ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 219–20; Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 196–7.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Gardiner, , Journey, 37–8, I 39;Google ScholarStuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 240.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Owen, , Diary, 110–11;Google ScholarBird, , Annals, 1, 214.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Gardiner, , Journey, 162;Google ScholarStuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 240.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Gardiner, , Journey, 532.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Ibid., 108; Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 239.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 232.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Ibid. 245.

⁶¹ Ibid. 242, 250; Isaacs, , Travels, II, 40–1, 52–4, 86;Google ScholarGardiner, , Journey, 111–13.Google Scholar

⁶² Gardiner, , Journey, 31. It should be pointed out that Dingane's concept of the missionary was that of either a Jack-of-all-trades or a walking encyclopedia.Google Scholar See Isaacs, , Travels, II, 233;Google ScholarOwen, , Diary, 72.Google Scholar

⁶³ Gardiner, , Journey, 108.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Ibid. 126–7.

⁶⁵ Ibid. 129–33, 137.

⁶⁶ Ibid. 146–72.

⁶⁷ Ibid. 162.

⁶⁸ Ibid. 192–214.

⁶⁹ Ibid. 213–21.

⁷⁰ Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 262.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Gardiner, , Journey, 228.Google Scholar

⁷² Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 249–51.Google Scholar

⁷³ Ibid. 255.

⁷⁴ Ibid. 255–6.

⁷⁵ Ibid. 255.

⁷⁶ Cradle Days of Natal, 195.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Owen, , Diary, 65, i.e. on his return to Natal in 1837 as Justice of the Peace.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Ibid. 110. Shortly after the murder of Piet Retief and his followers, the American missionary Venable was asked by Ndlela whether he could not teach the Zulu ‘to shoot, or to ride’.

⁷⁹ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 45–6.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Ibid. 172.

⁸¹ Ibid. 59–60, 78, 80; Stuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 218–19.Google Scholar

⁸² Isaacs, , Travels, II, 51, 183, 193, 202, 207.Google Scholar

⁸³ Gardiner, , Journey, 68.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Owen, , Diary, 71–3.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Owen, , Diary, 100–5.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Ibid. 98.

⁸⁷ In 1837 they rejected the treaty and began to offer sanctuary to all Zulu refugees. Finally they stopped the sale of gunpowder to him. See Owen, , Diary, 67–8, 71–3, 98,111;Google ScholarStuart, and Malcolm, , Diary of Fynn, 259–60;Google ScholarBird, , Annals, I, 322.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 46.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Owen, , Diary, 101.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Ibid. He now made the granting of land to the Voortrekkers conditional upon their handing over the guns and horses.

⁹¹ Isaacs, , Travels, II, 186.Google Scholar

⁹² Owen, , Diary, 110.Google Scholar