Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T17:55:04.818Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

NUOVI CONFLITTI E NUOVI SISTEMI PARTITICI ALL'EST. VERSO UN MODELLO ESPLICATIVO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Pietro Grilli

Introduzione

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

I processi di transizione alla democrazia assumono la forma di «ondate» (Huntington 1991) che investono più paesi o aree in differenti momenti di questo secolo. Pur nella varietà delle traiettorie, un aspetto accomuna queste trasformazioni: la costruzione della democrazia significa in primo luogo nascita (o rinascita) dei partiti politici, come principali agenzie di mobilitazione che prendono parte in prima persona ai nuovi processi elettorali, che puntano a gestire direttamente il potere politico e che avranno poi un ruolo determinante nella fase di consolidamento democratico.

Summary

Summary

Following the demise of Communist regimes in 1989, a lot of political parties reemerged in Eastern Europe and began to articulate their action in order to take part of the subsequent first parliamentary elections. When parties and party systems emerge out of a democratic transition which takes place in a vast area including many States, at least two crucial «classical» questions are at stake. A first question concerns the main cleavages and oppositions which favour and condition the formation of parties. A second connected question is whether and how the new party systems will change and evolve from the first (founding) democratic elections to the subsequent ones.

The essay aims at analysing and discussing the two questions. In this field Rokkan's theory occupies a particularly important place. With regards to the Central and Eastern European cases, the main question is whether new conflicts have emerged and to what extent they can represent the breeding ground for new parties and party systems.

In the transition processes from Communist regimes three main conflicts seem to prevail: 1) a conflict between democratic reformers and pro-Communist (or former Communist) conservatives has risen during the «round-table» negotiations, the formation of «umbrella organizations» and the more or less plebiscitarian national founding elections; 2) a cleavage between «anti-market» and «pro-market» groups (overlapping or replacing the former) is based upon the conflict between the social groups having resources and capabilities convertible into advantages in capitalist market society and those social groups whose socio-economic status is dramatically undercut by the economic transition; 3) a last group of cleavages concerns the national conflicts: nationalism has gained ground since 1990 and the role played by regionally based parties is increasing. Now nationalism represents potentially the most explosive cleavage.

The final section of the essay is devoted to explain the high level of instability showed by all Eastern European party sistems after the first post-communist elections.

Type
Saggi
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 24 , Issue 2 , August 1994 , pp. 203 - 235
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

References

Riferimenti bibliografici

Baloyra, E. (a cura di) (1987), Comparing New Democracies, Boulder and London, Westview Press.Google Scholar
Bartolini, S. e Mair, P. (1990), Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability. The Stabilisation of European Electorates 1885-1985, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Batt, J. (1991), The End of Communist Rule in East-Central Europe: A Four-Country Comparison, in ‘Government and Opposition’, XXVI, pp. 368–390.Google Scholar
von Beyme, K. (1992), L'europeizzazione dell'Europa orientale, in Calise (1992), pp. 275–297.Google Scholar
Blaha, J. e Wehrlé, F. (1992), La Fédération tchèque et slovaque mise en cause: aspects politiques et économiques, in ‘Le Courier des pays de l'Est’, n. 370, pp. 44–56.Google Scholar
Bowers, S.R. (1992), Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe, in ‘Conflict Studies’, n. 248, febbraio.Google Scholar
Caccamo, D. (1991), Introduzione alla storia dell'Europa orientale, Roma, La Nuova Italia Scientifica.Google Scholar
Calise, M. (a cura di) (1992), Come cambiano i partiti, Bologna, Il Mulino.Google Scholar
Capek, A. e Sazama, G.W. (1993), Czech and Slovak Economic Relations, in ‘Europe-Asia Studies’, XLV, pp. 211–235.Google Scholar
Cotta, M. (1992a), Continuità e discontinuità nei sistemi partitici europei, in Calise (1992), pp. 207–241.Google Scholar
Cotta, M. (1992b), New Party Systems after the Dictatorship: Dimensions of Analysis. The East European Cases in Comparative Perspective, Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Studi politici e di Storia giuridico-politica, Working paper n. 9.Google Scholar
Deis, M.J. (1992), A Study of Nationalism in Czechoslovakia, in ‘RFE/RL Research Report’, 31 gennaio, pp. 8–13.Google Scholar
Dix, R.H. (1989), Cleavage Structures and Party Systems in Latin America, in ‘Comparative Politics’, XXII, pp. 23–37.Google Scholar
Dogan, M. (1992), Il declino dei nazionalismi in Europa occidentale, in ‘Modernizzazione e Sviluppo’, 1-2, pp. 5–15.Google Scholar
Dogan, M. (1993), Le nationalisme en Europe: déclin à l'Ouest, résurgence à l'Est, in Philippart (1993), pp. 141–174.Google Scholar
Elander, I. e Gustafsson, M. (1993), The Re-emergence of Local Self-government in Central Europe. Some Notes on the First Experience, in ‘European Journal of Political Research’, XXIII, 295–322.Google Scholar
Fisichella, D. (1993), Elezioni e democrazia, Bologna, Il Mulino.Google Scholar
Grilli di Cortona, P. (1989), Le crisi politiche nei regimi comunisti, Milano, Franco Angeli.Google Scholar
Grilli di Cortona, P. (1991a), Dal comunismo alla democrazia in Europa centrale: Ungheria e Cecoslovacchia, in ‘Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica’, XXI, pp. 281–313.Google Scholar
Grilli di Cortona, P. (1991b), Rethinking Regime Change in Hungary and Czechoslovakia, in ‘International Social Science Journal’, n. 128, pp. 315–330.Google Scholar
Grilli di Cortona, P. (1994), L'evoluzione dei sistemi di partito nell'Europa centro-orientale, relazione presentata alle ‘Giornate Amedeo Giannini’ su: ‘La legislazione elettorale degli Stati dell'Europa centro-orientale’, Roma, 27-28 gennaio.Google Scholar
Gunther, R., Sani, G. e Shabad, G. (1986), Spain After Franco. The Making of a Competitive Party System, Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hankiss, E. (1990), East European Alternatives, Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hibbing, J.R. e Patterson, S.C. (1992), A Democratic Legislature in the Making. The Historic Hungarian Elections of 1990, in ‘Comparative Political Studies’, XXIV, pp. 430–454.Google Scholar
Higley, J. e Burton, M.G. (1989), The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns, in ‘American Sociological Review’, LIV, pp. 17–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, S.P. (1991), The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Jasiewicz, K. (1992), From Solidarity to Fragmentation, in ‘Journal of Democracy’, III, pp. 55–69.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, H. (1992), The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe, in ‘Politics & Society’, XX, pp. 7–50.Google Scholar
Körösényi, A. (1990), Hungary, in ‘Electoral Studies’, IX, pp. 337–345.Google Scholar
Lijphart, J. (1992), Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, in ‘Journal of Theoretical Politics’, IV, pp. 207–223.Google Scholar
Linz, J.J. e Stepan, A. (1992), Political Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia, in ‘Daedalus’, CXXI, pp. 123–139.Google Scholar
Lipset, S.M. e Rokkan, S. (1967), Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction, in S.M. Lipset e S. Rokkan (a cura di) (1967), Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, New York, The Free Press, pp. 1–64.Google Scholar
Lomax, B. (1993), Hungary, in Whitefield (1993), pp. 79–98.Google Scholar
McGregor, J. (1993), How Electoral Laws Shape Eastern Europe's Parliaments, in ‘RFE/RL Research Report’, 2, 4, 22 gennaio, pp. 11–18.Google Scholar
Morlino, L. (1987), Democratic Establishments: A Dimensional Analysis, in Baloyra (1987), pp. 53–78.Google Scholar
Morlino, L. (1992), Partiti e consolidamento democratico nel Sud Europa, in Calise (1992), pp. 243–274.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G. e Schmitter, P.C. (1986), Convoking Elections (and Provoking Parties), in G. O'Donnell, P. Schmitter e L. Whitehead (1986), pp. 57–64, vol. IV.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G., Schmitter, P.C. e Whitehead, L. (a cura di) (1986), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Prospects for Democracy, voll. IV, Baltimore e London, The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Offe, C. (1992), Vers le capitalisme par construction démocratique? La théorie démocratique et la triple transition en Europe de l'Est, in ‘Revue Française de Science Politique’, XLII, pp. 923–942.Google Scholar
Papadakis, A. (1988), The Historical Tradition of Church-State Relations under Orthodoxy, in Ramet (1988), pp. 37–58.Google Scholar
Pataki, J. (1991), Popularity of Major Political Parties Decreases, in ‘Report on Eastern Europe’, 2 agosto, pp. 5–10.Google Scholar
Philippart, E. (a cura di) (1993), Nations et frontières dans la nouvelle Europe. L'impact croisé, Bruxelles, Editions Complexe.Google Scholar
Ramet, P. (1988), Autocephaly and National Identity in Church-State Relations in Eastern Christianity: An Introduction, in Ramet, P. (a cura di), Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twentieth Century, Durham e London, Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Rokkan, S. (1982), Cittadini, elezioni, partiti, Bologna, Il Mulino.Google Scholar
Sartori, G. (1976), Parties and Party Systems, New York, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shain, Y. e Linz, J.J. (1992), The Role of Interim Governments, in ‘Journal of Democracy’, III, pp. 73–89.Google Scholar
Tarrow, S. (1991), ‘Aiming at a Moving Target’: Social Science and the Recent Rebellions in Eastern Europe, in ‘PS: Political Science and Politics’, XXIV, pp. 12–20.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1993), European Revolutions 1492-1992, Oxford, Basil Blackwell; trad. it. Le rivoluzioni europee 1492-1992, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993.Google Scholar
Turner, A.W. (1993), Postauthoritarian Elections. Testing Expectations About ‘First’ Elections, in ‘Comparative Political Studies’, XXVI, pp. 330–349.Google Scholar
Wawrzyniak, J. (1994), La legislazione elettorale in Polonia, relazione presentata alle ‘Giornate Amedeo Giannini’ su: ‘La legislazione elettorale degli Stati dell'Europa centro-orientale’, Roma, 27-28 gennaio.Google Scholar
Webb, W.L. (1992), The Polish General Election of 1991, in ‘Electoral Studies’, XI, pp. 166–170.Google Scholar
White, S. (1990), The Elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies March 1989, in ‘Electoral Studies’, IX, pp. 59–66.Google Scholar
Whitefield, S. (a cura di) (1993), The New Institutional Architecture of Eastern Europe, New York, St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Wightman, G. (1993), The Czechoslovak Parliamentary Elections of 1992, in ‘Electoral Studies’, XII, pp. 83–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar