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LA FORMAZIONE DEI PARTITI CONFESSIONALI IN EUROPA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Stathis N. Kalyvas  and
Alessandro Chiaramonte

Extract

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Di recente, la ricerca sociologica per lo più quantitativa ha riaffermato l'importanza della religione riguardo all'azione politica e alle politiche pubbliche. Tra i suoi contributi vi sono vari modelli di associazione tra la religione, nella sua variante cattolica, ed una pluralità di esiti politici e di policy. Castles (1994) ha individuato un'evidenza prima facie per cui il cattolicesimo è associato con molti esiti di policy quali la spesa assistenziale, le politiche della famiglia, ed esiti connessi al mercato del lavoro. Misra e Hicks (1994) hanno trovato una relazione positiva tra ciò che essi chiamano «cultura romano-cattolica» e livello di sindacalizzazione. Infine, Wilensky (1981), Esping-Andersen (1990), Huber, Ragin e Stephens (1993), e più recentemente Van Kersbergen (1995) hanno tutti rilevato che i partiti cristiano-democratici sono correlati ad alti livelli di spese sociali. Queste scoperte sono ancor più significative se si considera che sono state fatte nel contesto delle società probabilmente più secolarizzate: quelle dell'Europa occidentale contemporanea. Proprio per questo, gli autori di tali studi sottolineano la portata più ampia delle loro scoperte e reclamano una rinnovata attenzione alla religione, al cattolicesimo, ai partiti cristiano-democratici, affermando che «per gli anni '90 il cattolicesimo dovrebbe fornire una prospettiva fruttuosa per lo studio della political economy così come per gli anni '80 la socialdemocrazia» (Misra e Hicks 1994,319).

Summary

Summary

Taking its cue from recent findings that ascertain a strong relationship between Christian democracy and Catholicism (in various operationalizations) on the one hand and many aspects of politics and policy on the other, this article points to the need for a theoretical understanding of the Christian democratic phenomenon. Such an understanding requires an account of the formation of confessional parties in Europe at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. The article introduces a model of party formation applied to confessional parties which revises the seminal work of Stein Rokkan using rational choice theory. This model makes agency explicit and endogenizes identity, mobilization, and organization. The main finding is that the formation of confessional parties was the contingent outcome of strategic decisions made by the political actors. These parties were formed in spite of and not, as is usually assumed because of the church's intentions and actions. They emerged as an unplanned and unwanted byproduct of the strategic choices that the church and conservative political elites made under constraints. This finding is empirically confirmed through historical research. Many implications follow, one of which is that the posited overlap between Christian Democracy and Catholicism in the recent sociological research is tenuous. This article suggests a way in which rational choice theory can be fruitfully combined with a comparative and historical perspective to supply explanations superior than those provided by existing approaches.

Type
Ricerche
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 26 , Issue 2 , August 1996 , pp. 317 - 363
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

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