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⁶ Anonymous, A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, 2 vols. (London, 1939), 1: 113, 116.Google Scholar According to Cartwright, John, The Preacher's Travels (London, 1611), 725Google Scholar, Shamakhi was “chiefly inhabited by Armenians and Georgians.” He further noted that “the noble kingdom of Armenia, called now Turcomania, because of the Turcomanes, who live as the shepherds in their tents,” indicating that Turkic speaking tribes were living in that region. A Jesuit missionary noted around 1690 that in Shirvan three languages were spoken, Turkish which is the most common one, corrupted Persian, and Armenian. N.N., “Memoire de la province du Sirvan,” Lettres curieuses et edifiantes (Paris, 1780), 4: 31, 42, 51.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Barbaro and Contarini, Travels, 164.

¹⁶ Ibid., 164.

¹⁷ Chelebi, Travels, 14. The Dehqani language is not a language; Evliya Chelebi probably means to say that the people spoke the vernacular or like peasants as is suggested by his remark that courtiers talked a refined language. The Durri language probably refers to Dari, which is just another term to denote Persian or Farsi. The Ghazi language is unknown to us, while with the term Pahlavi language Evliya probably denotes the Tati language, a northwestern Iranian language.

¹⁸ Bedik, Cehil Sutun, 384.

¹⁹ Chelebi, Travels, 52.

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²³ Barbaro and Contarini, Travels, 171. Concerning the local Persian language of the people of Tabriz at that time, see the report by Ruhi Anarji titled “Resaleh dar bayan-e estelahat va ‘ebarat-e jama‘at-e Tabriz,” in Adhari, guyesh-e dirin-e mardom-e Azerbaijan, ed. Malek, Rahim Rezazadeh (Tehran, 1377/1998), 153–77.Google Scholar

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²⁸ Pietro Della Valle, Les Fameux Voyages, 2: 10. Later della Valle provides more information about the spread of Turkish, which he ascribes to the fact that the army mostly consists of Turkic speaking Qizilbash tribesmen, who did not know Persian, and because the shah spent most of his time with them he had to know Turkish, and “as a result Turkish is very widespread in use at court, and this includes the women at court and the officeholders.” Ibid., 2: 116.

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⁶⁹ We have recently edited the above-mentioned five-language dictionary by ‘Abdol-Jamil Nasiri, which provides much new information about, among other things, the lexicography of Middle Turkish; see also Gandjei, Tourkhan, “Turcica Agemica” in Festschrift Andreas Tietze zum 70.Geburtstag in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Des Morgenlandes (Vienna, 1986), 124.Google Scholar