Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T21:24:56.379Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Quietness beyond Political Power: Politics of Taking Sanctuary (Bast Neshini) in the Shi‘ite Shrines of Iran

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Peyman Eshaghi
Peyman Eshaghi*
Affiliation:
Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University of Berlin
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

“The politic” and “the religious” have had many relations with each other in Iranian history and in some cases “the religious” has been defined in a situation beyond the extent of the political power. A case in point is the right of taking sanctuary in Shi‘ite shrines. Throughout Iran’s history, subjects could take refuge in Shi‘ite shrines and some other places related to religious and non-religious authorities. Persecution was delayed or the individual was forgiven, though sometimes they were sentenced when exiting the shrine. By referring to religious texts that have reinforced that tradition, this article seeks to trace continuities between early Islam and modern Iran. It focuses on sanctuary taking and sit-ins at shrines and tombs, and on the interplay between those actions and political power, and discusses the changing mobility and dynamisms of those actions at different periods of Iranian history.

Keywords

PilgrimageShrineCult of SaintsTaking SanctuaryBast NeshiniIranian Judicial System
Type
Articles
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 49 , Issue 3 , May 2016 , pp. 493 - 514
Copyright
Copyright © The International Society for Iranian Studies 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbasi, Gholamali. Falsafeh-ye Bast va Bast Neshini. Qom: Zaer, 2005.Google Scholar
Abrahamian, E. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Adamiyat, Fereydun. Amir Kabir va Iran [Amir Kabir and Iran]. Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1975.Google Scholar
Adibalmulk, A. “Khaterat-e Adibulmulk-e Hokmran [Memoirs of Adilubmolk the governor].” In Miras-e Eslami-ye Iran. Vol. 10, pp. 449–496. Qom: Ketabkhaneye Ayatollah Marashi, 1999.Google Scholar
Afshar, H. Safarnameh-ye Lorestan va Khuzestan [Diary of Journey to Lorestan and Khorasan]. Tehran: Pajuheshkadeh-ye Olum-e Ensani, 2003.Google Scholar
Afzali, R. “Tahasson.” In Danesh Nameh-ye Jahan-e Eslam [Encyclopedia of the Muslim World]. Vol. IV. Tehran: Bonyade Daneshname-ye Jahan-e Eslam, 2001.Google Scholar
Shirazi, Alavi, Hossein, Muhammad. Safarnameh-ye Mirza Abu al-Hasan Khan-e Shirazi (Ilchi) be Rusiyeh [Diary of Mirza Abu al-Hasan Khan Shirazi’s Journey to Russia]. Tehran: Donya-ye Ketab, 1994.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. Religion and State in Iran 1785‒1906. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amin Lashkar, Qahreman. Ruznameh-ye Khaterat-e Amin Lashkar-e Qahreman [Momoirs of Amin Lashkar Qahreman]. Tehran: Asatir, 1999.Google Scholar
Anas, M. B. Al-Muvatta. Beirut, 1986.Google Scholar
Anoushe, H. “Bast.” In Da‘erat al-Ma‘aref-e Tashayyo. Vol. 4. Tehran: Nashr-e Shahid Saied Mohebbi, 1992, pp. 125–129.Google Scholar
‘Aqeli, B. Ruzshomar-e Tarikh-e Iran az Mashrut-e ta Enghelab-e Eslami [Chronology of Iranian History from Constitualism to Islamic Republic]. Tehran: Goftar, 1997.Google Scholar
Astarabadi, M. M., Dorre-ye Nadereh: Tarikh-e Asr-e Nader Shah [Nader’s Pearl: History of King Nader]. Tehran: Tehran University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
‘Atarodi, ‘Azizollah. Tarikhe Astane Ghods [The History of Astan Quds]. Tehran: Atarod, 1992.Google Scholar
Azraghi, A. Akhbar al-Makka [The History of Mecca]. Beirut: Dar al-Undolos, 2004.Google Scholar
Bayat, M. Iran’s First Revolution: Shi’ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905‒1909. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Bostan, H. “Amniyat-e Haram.” In Encyclopaedia of Hajj and Two Holy Mosques. Vol. III, pp. 246–251. Tehran: Mashar, 2013.Google Scholar
Calmard, Jean. “Bast.” In Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. III (1988), Fasc.8, pp. 856–858.Google Scholar
Chardin, Jean. Persian translation of voyages du chevalier Chardin en perse et autres lieux de l’Orient. Tehran: Tus, 1993.Google Scholar
Coutin, Susan Bilber. The Culture of Protest: Religious Activism and the U.S. Sanctuary Movement. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993.Google Scholar
Cronin, Stephanie. Soldiers, Shahs and Subalterns in Iran: Opposition, Protest and Revolt 1921‒1941. London: Palgrave, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curzon, George Nathaniel. Persia and the Persian Question. London: Cass, 1966.Google Scholar
Davidson, Miriam. Convictions of the Heart: Jim Corbett and the Sanctuary Movement. Tucson: Arizona University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Dehshidi, R. “Hojre Hojre Hameja Yade Khoda [God Remembrance in Each Chamber].” Farhange Pouya, no. 19, pp. 107–116.Google Scholar
Divan Beygi, H. Khaterat-e Divan Beygi [Divan Beigi’s Memoirs]. Tehran: Asatir, 2003.Google Scholar
Dowlat Abadi, Yahya. Hayat-e Yahya [Yayha’s Biography]. Terhan: Ferdows, 1983.Google Scholar
Eqbal Ashtiani, Abbas. “Safarnameh-ye Khuzestan [Diary of Journey to Khuzestan].” In Daftar-e Tarikh [Historical Studies]. Tehran: Bonyad-e Mowghufat-e Iraj-e Afsharr, 2001, pp. 290–302.Google Scholar
Etemad al-Saltaneh, Muhammad Hussein. Al-Maaser va al-Asar [Feats and Events]. Tehran: Sanai, 1995.Google Scholar
‘Etimad al-Saltaneh, M. H. Matla‘ al-Shams [Sunrise]. Tehran: Yasavoli, 1983.Google Scholar
Falsafi, Nasrullah. Zendegani-ye Shah ‘Abbase Avval [Biography of Shah Abbas]. Tehran: Samir, 2009.Google Scholar
Farhangi, S. “Bast va Bast Neshini [Bast and Bast Neshini].” In Danesh Nameh-ye Jahan-e Eslam [Encyclopedia of the Muslim World]. Vol. III. Tehran: Bonyad-e Danesh Nameh-ye Jahan-e Eslam, 1999.Google Scholar
Fazlollah, Rashid al-Din, Jame‘ al-Tavarikh [The Comprehensive History]. Baku: N. B., 1957.Google Scholar
Fischer, Michael. J. Iran from Religious Dispute to Revolution. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Gilbar, G. G. “The Big Merchants (Tojjar) and the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906.” Asian and African Studies 11, no. 3 (1977): pp. 275–303.Google Scholar
Hairi, Abdulhussein. Shiism and Constitutionalism in Iran. Leiden: Brill, 1977.Google Scholar
Hajeb al-Dowleh, Ali, Safarname-ye Haj ‘Alikhan-e E‘temad al-Saltaneh [Journey of Haj Alikhan Etemad al-Saltaneh]. Tehran: Mashar, 2010.Google Scholar
Halm, Heinz. Shi‘a Islam from Religion to Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Hendushah, , Tajarob al-Salaf [Experiences of the Past People]. Tehran: Tahuri, 1979.Google Scholar
Hoveyda, Fereydun. The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.Google Scholar
Babuye, Ibn. Feghh al-Reza [Reza’s Jurisprudence]. Mashhad: Sanai, 1985.Google Scholar
Ibn Hesham, Abdulmalek. Al-Sira al-Nabaviyya [Prophet Muhammad’s Biography]. Cairo: Dar al-Hadith, 1937.Google Scholar
Ibn Kasir, Ismail. Al-Bidaya va al-Nahaya [The Start and the Finish]. Beirut: Dar al-Maaref, 1988.Google Scholar
Ibn Manzur, Muhammad. Lisan al-Arab [Arab Language]. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi, 1405.Google Scholar
Ibn Saei, A. Mokhtasar Akhbar al-Kholafa [Brief History of the Caliiphs]. India, 2013.Google Scholar
Kalantari, Ali Akbar. Aftab-e Shiraz: Pajuheshi Now va Jame‘ Piramun-e Shakhsiyat va Madfan-e Hazrat-e Ahmad ebn-e Musa Maruf be Shah Cheragh-e Shiraz [Shiraz’s Sun: A Recent and Comprehensive Study about the Life and Shrine of Ahmad bin Musa Known as Shahe Cheragh]. Shiraz: Shiraz University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Kasravi, A. Tarikh-e pansad saleh-ye Khuzestan. Tehran: Sahand, 2005.Google Scholar
Katouzian, Homa, Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society. London: Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar
Katouzian Tehrani, Muhammad Ali. Mushahedat va Tahlil-e Ejtema‘i va Siyasi az Enghelab-e Mashrutiyat-e Iran [Observations and Social and Political Analyses of Constitutional Revolution]. Tehran: Enteshar, 2000.Google Scholar
Keyvani, Mehdi. Artisans and Guild Life in the Later Safavid Period. Berlin: Klaus Schwartz Verlg, 1982.Google Scholar
Nevisan, Khafiyyeh. Majmu‘eh-ye-ye Gozaresh-haye khafiyyeh Nevisane Engelis dar Velayat-e Jonubi-ye Iran az Sale 1291 ta 1322 Hejri-ye Ghamari [Anthology of Reports and British Spies at Iranian Southern Province from 1291 to 1322 AH]. Tehran: Asim, 2004.Google Scholar
Khalesi, ‘Abbas. Tarikhche-ye Bast va Bast Neshini Hamrah ba Shavahede Tarikhi [A Brief History of Sanctuary and Taking Sanctuary with Historical Witnesses]. Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi, 1987.Google Scholar
Khalili, Akbar. Gam be Gam ba Enghelab [Step by Step with Revolution]. Tehran: Sorush, 1996.Google Scholar
Khanikof, Nikolai Vladimirovich. Safarname-ye Khanikof [Diary of Khanikov’s Journey]. Mashhad: Astan-e Qods-e Razavi, 1996.Google Scholar
Khoshaftar, Hadi. “Bast va Bast Neshini dar dowre-ye Qajar.” Tarikh Pajuhi 22‒23 (2005), pp. 2–11.Google Scholar
Mackey, Sandra. The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation. New York: Dutton, 1996.Google Scholar
Mahdavi, Moslehuddin. A‘lame Esfehan [Nobles of Esfahan]. Esfehan: Shahrari-ye Esfehan, 2007.Google Scholar
Majlesi, Muhammad Bagher. Behar al-Anvar [Oceans of Lights]. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi, 2001.Google Scholar
Malcolm, John. The History of Persia. London: John Murray, 1815.Google Scholar
Malek Mohammadi, M., and Khani, H.. “Balad al-Amin [The Secure City].” In Encyclopaedia of Hajj and Two Holy Mosques. Vol. IV. Tehran: Mashar, 2013, pp. 202–209.Google Scholar
Malek Mohammadi, Mahdi, and Shahidani, Sohrab Moqaddami. “Balad al-Haram [The Sanctified City].” In Encyclopaedia of Hajj and Two Holy Mosques. Vol. IV. Tehran: Mashar, 2013.Google Scholar
Matin, Peyman. “Bast va Bastneshini.” Danesh Nameh-ye Farhang-e Mardom-e Iran. 2012.Google Scholar
Masse, Henri. Croyances et coutumes persanes. Paris: G. P. Maisonneuve, 1938.Google Scholar
Mesbahi, S. Gomshode-yi az Honar va Me‘mari-ye Safavi: Majmu‘eh-ye-ye Sheykh Safi al-Din Ardabili: Tarhe Bazsazi-ye Sar Dar-e ‘Ali Ghapu va Ehya-ye Taz‘inate An [A Lost Part of Safavid Architecture and Art: Complex of Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili: A Plan to Reconstruction of Ali Ghapu Gate and its Decorations]. Tehran: Farhangestane Honar, 2009.Google Scholar
Mirkhand, Muhammad. Tarikh-e Rowzat al-Safa. Tehran: Khayyam, 2001.Google Scholar
Mohammadi, Majid. Judicial Reform and Reorganization in 20th Century Iran: State-building, Modernization and Islamicization. New York: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
Mostoufi, Abdullah. Sharh-e Zendegani-ye Man [My Autobiography]. Tehran: Elmi,1964.Google Scholar
Mo‘tamed al-Dowleh, F. “Hedayeh al-Sabil va kefayeh al-Dalil [The Route Guıdance and the Manual of the Guide].” Safarname-haye Hajje Qajari. Vol. III. Tehran: Elm, 2010, pp. 445–493.Google Scholar
Muahammad Beygi, Elyas. Bargi az Tarikh-e Qom: Asnad va Mokatebat-e Marbut be Qom az Sale 1889‒1900 [A Page of Qom’s History: Documents and Correspondences Related to Qom from 1889–1900]. Qom: Zaer, 2009.Google Scholar
Najafi, Muhammas Hassan. Javahir al-kalam fi sharh sharaye‘al-Islam [Jewelry of Speech: Asn Annotation to the Book of Islam’s Law]. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi, 1981.Google Scholar
Shah, Naser al-Din, Safarha-ye Naser al-Din Shah be Qom (1850‒1892BC) [Naser Al-Din Shah’s Journeys to Qom]. Tehran: Ketabkhaneye Melli, 2006.Google Scholar
Natanzi, Moin al-Din, Montakhab al-Tavarikh [Selected History]. Tehran: Asatir, n.d.Google Scholar
Nazem al-Eslam Kermani, M., Tarikh-e Bidari-ye Iranian [History of Iranian Enlightenment]. Tehran: Ettelat, 2005.Google Scholar
Nezam al-Saltaneh, H. G. H. Khaterat va Asnad-e Hossein Qoli Khan-e Nezam al-Saltaneh-ye Mafi [Memoirs and Documents Dedicated to Hossein Qoli Khan-e Nezam al-Saltaneh-ye Mafi]. Tehran: Nashr-e Tarikh-e Iran.Google Scholar
Pakdaman, Homa. Djamal-ed-din Assad Abadi dit Afghani. Paris: G. P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1969.Google Scholar
Polak, Jakob Edward. Persien: Das Land und seine Bewohner—Ethnographische Schilderungen. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1865.Google Scholar
Prushani, I. “Bast va Bast Neshini [Bast and Bast Neshini].” In Danesh Nameh-ye Jahan-e Eslam [Encyclopedia of the Muslim World]. Vol. III. Tehran: Bonyade Daneshname-ye Jahan-e Eslam, 1999, pp. 390–407.Google Scholar
Qasepur, Davud. Qiyam-e Goharshad be Revayat-e Asnad [Documents of the Gohar Shad Uprising]. Tehran: Markaze Asnad, 2005.Google Scholar
Qassabiyan, Muhammad Reza. “Tarikhche-ye Bast va Bast Neshini dar Mashhad [A Concise History of Sanctuary and Sanctuary Taking in MAshhad].” Meshkat 60 (1999), pp. 223–242.Google Scholar
Qoreyshi Karin, Hasan. Qom az Ebtedaye Dowre-ye Qajar ta Mashrute: Barresi-ye Seyre Tahavvolat-e Ejtemaei, Eghtesadi va Farhangi [Qom from the Beginning of Qajars untill the Constitution Revolution: A Study of Social, Economical and Cultural Changes]. Qom: Zaer, 2010.Google Scholar
Rashvand, Muhammad Ali. Mujmale Rashvand [Concise Book of Rashvand]. Tehran: Mirase Maktub, 1997.Google Scholar
Razavi, Shamsuddin Muhammmad. Shefa Yaftegane Hazrat-e ‘Ali b. Musa al-Reza [List of People Who are Healed by Ali bin Musa al-Riza]. Mashhad: Simorghe Khorasan, 2008.Google Scholar
Safari, Baba. Ardabil dar Gozar-e Tarikh [Ardabil through History]. Ardabil: Islamic Ardabil University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Sakhaei, Essie. The Story of Carpets. London: Studio Editions, 1991.Google Scholar
Salur, Ghahraman Mirza. Ruznameh-ye Khaterate Ein al-Saltane. Tehran: Asatir, 1995.Google Scholar
Sardar Asad, Aligholi, and Sepehr, Abdolhussein. Kholasat al-Asar fi Tarikh al-Bakhtiyar [A Concise Book on the History of Bakhtiyar]. Tehran: Asatir, 2007.Google Scholar
Sepehr, Abdolhussein. Merat al-Vaqaye‘-e Mozaffari [Mirror of Events Dedicated to Muzaffar]. Tehran: Zarrin, 2007.Google Scholar
Sepehr, Muhammad Taghi Sepehr. Nasekh al-Tavarikh [A History Book Which Supercedes Other History Books]. Tehran: Eslamiye, 1998.Google Scholar
Takmil Humayun, Nasser. “Kowkabe-ye Naseri [Naserian Star].” Pajuhesh Name-ye Tarikh-e Matbu‘at-e Iran. Tehran: Elm, 1997.Google Scholar
Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste. The Six Voyages of John Baptista. London: R. L., 1678.Google Scholar
Tomsho, Robert. The American Sanctuary Movement. Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Turkman, Eskander Beyg. Tarikh-e ‘Alam Araye ‘Abbasi [Abbsid World Decoration Books of History]. Tehran: Amirkabir, 2003.Google Scholar