^l Larry Minear makes a similar point in relation to the dual nature of sanctions as a means of implementation and thus an «effective expression of international law and expression of human rights and humanitarian values» on the one hand, and as a cause of «hardship for the targeted country» on the other.

² Colin Granderson's reminder that the joint OAS/UN International Civilian Mission in Haiti (MICIVIH) ended up having to monitor the human rights record ofthe UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) also highlights the need for such independence.

³ Mary B. Anderson makes a similar point when she remarks that the growing profession-alization of humanitarian aid, and its control by Western donors, contributes to the alienation of victims. Treating “victims as partners” instead is likely to substantially affect the way in which humanitarian work can be conducted.

⁴ Particularly noteworthy for their frankness and their willingness to accept failure in some circumstances are the contributions of Kofi Annan and Romeo Dallaire.