^{page 4 note 1} Lloyd, George, David, , War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, Ivor Nicholson and Watson, London, 1933–1936, Vol. IV, pp. 1883–5.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 2} Cumming, C. E., and Petit, Walter W., Russian-American Relations: March, 1917- March, 1920: Documents and Papers, Harcourt, Brace and Howe, New York, 1920, pp. 14–16.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 3} Bourgin, Hubert, Le Parti contre la Patrie, Librairie Pion, Paris, 1924, pp. 208–11.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 1} Lloyd George, op.cit., VoL IV, p. 1885; Trades Union Congress, Report of the Proceedings at the Forty-Ninth Annual Trades Union Congress Held in the Palace Hall, Blackpool, on September 3rd to 8th, 1917, T.U.C, and Parliamentary Committee, London, 1917, P-191.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 2} The Parliamentary Debates (Official Report): Fifth Series: House of Commons (herefter called “Parliamentary Debates”), His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, Vol. XCVL p. 5888.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 3} This more recently familiar epithet is used by Bruce Locfchart in describingthe Russian attitude to the missions.

^{page 5 note 4} Lockhart, R. H. Bruce, Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author's Early Life in Many Lands and of His Official Mission to Moscow in 1918, Putnam, London, 1932, p. 183Google Scholar; Price, Morgan Philips, My Reminiscences of the Russian Revoution, George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., London, 1921, pp. 19–20.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 5} Paléologue, Maurice, An Ambassador's Memoirs, translated by Holt, F. A., Hutchinsonand Co., 1925, VoL III, pp. 299–300.Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 1} Lloyd George, op. cit., pp. 1887–9.

^{page 6 note 2} SirBuchanan, George, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories, Cassell and Go., Ltd., London, 1923, Vol. II, pp. 142–7Google Scholar; Brockway, Archibald Fermer, Socialism over Sixty Years: The Life of Jowett of Bradford (1884–1944), George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 1944, pp. 155–6Google Scholar; Independent Labour Party Report of the Annual Conference Held at Leicester, April, 1918 (hereafter called I.L.P., “Annual Report, 1918”), I.L.P., London, 1918, p. 10.Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 3} Lockhart, op. cit., pp. 184–5, Paléologue, op.cit., Vol. III, pp. 328–30.

^{page 6 note 4} Vandervelde, Emile, Souvenirs d'un militant socialiste (hereafter called Vandervelde, “Souvenirs‥.”), Les Editions Denoäl, Paris, 1939, p. 227Google Scholar; de Man, Henri, Cavalier Seul,45 Années de Socialisme européen, Les Editions du Cheval Ailé, Genève, , 1948, p. 93.Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 5} Vandervelde, Emile, Three Aspects of the Russian Revolution (hereafter called Vanderelde, “Three…”), translated by Findlay, Jean E. H., George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., London, 1918, p. 7 and p. 199.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 1} Vandervelde, Emile, Dans la Mêlée, Berger-Levrault, Editeurs, Paris, 1919, p. 129Google Scholar; Sukhanov, N. N., The Russian Revolution, 1917: A Personal Record, edited and transated by Carmichael, Joel, Oxford University Press, London, 1955, p. 366.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 2} Cumming and Petit, op. cit., p. 23; United States, Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1918: Russia, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, 1931, Vol. I, pp. 107–53Google Scholar; Russell, Charles Edward, Hands, Bare and Walls, Stone: Some Recollections of a Side-line Reformer, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1955, pp. 346–70Google Scholar; Lansing, Robert, War Memoirs of Robert Lansing, Secretary of State, Rich and Cowan, Ltd., London, 1935, pp. 336–8.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 1} Scheidemann, Philipp, Memoirs of a Social Democrat (hereafter called Scheidemann, “Memoirs…”), translated by Mitchell, J. E., Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1929, Vol. I, pp. 329–32.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 2} ibid, Vol. I, pp. 329–32; Vandervelde, “Three…”, op.cit., pp. 210–1; Carr, Edward, Hallett, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1923, Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London, 1953, Vol. III, p. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 3} Scheidemann, “Memoirs…”, op.cit., VoL I, pp. 335–6; Manchester, Guardian, The Manchester Guardian, Ltd., Manchester, 15 May, 1917Google Scholar, “‘Real’ Russian Government: In Touch with German Social Democrats”, p. 5; Scheidemann, Philipp, Der Zusammen-bruch, Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaft, 1921, pp. 152–3.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 1} Archiv für die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung (hereafter called “Archiv…”), Verlag von C. L. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, editor: Carl, Grünberg, Vol. XII, p. 362.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 2} Scheidemann, “Memoirs…”, op.cit., Vol. I, pp. 355–4; Vernadsky, George Lenin, Red Dictator, translated by Davis, Malcolm Waters, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticutt, 1931, pp. 152–5Google Scholar; Shub, David Lenin: A Biography, Doubleday and Co., Inc., New York, 1951, p. 182Google Scholar; Hoffman, General Max, Der Krieg der versäumten Ge-legenheiten, Hase und Koehler, Leipzig, 1939, p. 127Google Scholar; Carr, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 102; Beer, Max, Fifty Years of International Socialism, George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., London, 1935, p. 195.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 1} Shub, op. cit., pp. 180–1.

^{page 10 note 2} ibid, pp. 182–3; Guilbeaux, Henri, Du Kremlin au Cherche-Midi (hereafter called Guilbeaux, “Du Kremlin…”), Librairie Gallimard, Paris, 1933, p. 106 and p. 127Google Scholar; Guilbeaux, Henri, Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin, Ein treues Bild seines Wesens (hereafter called Guilbeaux, “Wladimir…”), translated by Rudolf, Leonhard, Verlag “Die Schmiede”, Berlin, 1923, pp. 162–3.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 3} Fainsod, Merle, International Socialism and the World War, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1935, pp. 187–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 10 note 4} Scheidemann, “Memoirs…”, op.cit., Vol. I, p. 334; Rosenberg, Arthur, The Birth of the German Republic, 1871–1918, translated by Morrow, Ian F. D., Oxford University Press, London, 1931, p. 156Google Scholar; Ludendorrf, , General, My War Memoirs: 1914–1918, Hutchinson and Co., London, n.d., [1919], pp. 509–10.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 5} International Affairs, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 04, 1956Google Scholar, “German Foreign Office Documents on Financial Support to the Bolsheviks in 1917”, George, Katkov, pp. 181–9.Google Scholar

^{page 11 note 1} Guilbeaux, “Wladimir…”, op.cit., pp. 165–6; Guilbeaux, “Du Kremlin…”, op.cit., pp. 130–3; Shub, op.cit., pp. 183–4.

^{page 11 note 2} Fainsod, op.cit., p. 149.

^{page 12 note 1} Comité organisateur de la Conférence socialiste internationale de Stockholm, (hereaftercalled “Stockholm”), Tidens Förlag, Stockholm, , 1918, pp. vi–vii.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 2} Brand, Carl F., British Labour's Rise to Power, Stanford University Press, Stanford University, California, 1941, p. 181.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 3} Parti Socialiste (Section Française de l'International Ouvrière), Pendant la Guerre—Le Parti Socialiste, la Guerre et la Paix—Toutes les Résolutions et tous les Documents du Parti socialiste, de Juillet 1914 à Fin 1917 (hereafter called P.S.F., “Pendant la Guerre”), Librairie de l'Humanité, Paris, 1918, pp. 162–5.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 4} Louis, Paul, La Crise du Socialisme mondial, de la IIe à la IIIe Internationale, Librairie Felix Alcan, Paris, 1921, p. 64.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 5} Fainsod, op.cit., p. 152; “Archiv…”, op.cit., Vol. XII, pp. 370–2; Louis, op.cit., p. 64; Bevan, Edwyn, German Social Democracy during the War, George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., London, 1918, pp. 162–3.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 6} Fainsod, op. cit., p. 150.

^{page 13 note 1} “Stockholm”, op. cit., pp. viii–ix.

^{page 13 note 2} ibid, p. x; The Times, The Times Publishing Co., Ltd., London, 7 June, 1917Google Scholar, “A German Peace Trap”, p. 7; The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal, Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Harold Cox, editor, October, 1917, “International Socialism and War”, Shadwell, A. p. 235.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 3} United States, Department of State, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1917, Supplement 2: The World War, Vol. I (hereafter called U.S., “1917”), Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1932, pp. 742–3.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 4} Lutz, , Ralph Haswell Fall of the German Empire, 1914–1918, translated by Rempel, David F. and Rendtorff, Gertrude, Stanford University Press, Stanford University, California, 1932, Vol. I, pp. 412–3Google Scholar; Price, op.cit, p. 50; Czernin, , Count Ottokar, In the World War, Cassell and Co., Ltd., London, 1919, pp. 168–9 and p. 333.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 5} “Stockholm”, op. cit., p. x.

^{page 14 note 1} Golder, Frank Alfred, Documents of Russian History, 1914–1917, translated by Aronsberg, Emanuel, The Century Co., New York, 1927, pp. 339–40.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 2} Fainsod, op. cit., pp. 152–3; “Archiv…”, op. cit., Vol. XII, p. 372.

^{page 14 note 3} Gankin, Olga Hess, and Fisher, H. H., The Bolsheviks and the World War: The Origin of the Third International, Stanford University Press, Stanford University, California, 1940, p. 724Google Scholar; “Archiv…”, op.cit., Vol. XII, pp. 363–4; Fainsod, op.cit., pp. 149–50.

^{page 15 note 1} “Stockholm”, op.cit., p. xii; Fainsod, op.cit., p. 134.

^{page 15 note 2} U.S., “1917”, op.cit., p. 118.

^{page 16 note 1} Hamilton, Mary Agnes, Arthur, Henderson, A Biography, William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1938, pp. 130–2Google Scholar; Williams, Francis, Fifty Years' March: The Rise of the Labour Party, Odhams Press, Ltd., London, 1949, pp. 265–6.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 2} Louis, op. cit., p. 66; The Times, op. cit., 29 May, 1917, “French Socialists and Russia”, p. 5.

^{page 16 note 3} Manchester Guardian, op.cit., 2 June, 1917, “The French Socialists' Decision”, p. 5; P.S.F., “Pendant la Guerre”, op.cit., p. 167; Fainsod, op.cit., pp. 134–5; “Stockholm”, op.cit., pp. xvi–xvii; Bourgin, op.cit., pp. 214–8; The Times, op.cit., 30 May, 1917, “French Socialists for Stockholm”, p. 7.

^{page 16 note 4} ed. Lennox, , Lady Algernon Gordon, The Diary of Lord Bertie of Thame, 1914–1918, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1924, Vol. II, pp. 130–3Google Scholar; Alexandre, Ribot, Letters to a Friend: Recollections of my Political Life (hereafter called Ribot, “Letters”), translated by Wilson, Herbert, Hutchinson and Co., London, n.d.[1926], p. 236Google Scholar; Ribot, Alexandre, Journal d'Alexandre Ribot et Correspondances inéditées, 1914–1922, Librairie Pion, Paris, 1936, pp. 136–8.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 1} France, , Débats Parlementaires: Compte Rendu in Extenso, Chambre des Députés, Session Ordinaire de 1917, Journal Officiel du 2 juin, 1917, pp. 1323–5.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 2} France, , Débats Parlementaires: Compte Rendu in Extenso, Senat, Session Ordinaire de 1917, Journal Officiel du 7 juin, 1917, pp. 511–5.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 3} Ribot, “Letters”, op. cit., pp. 236–7.

^{page 17 note 4} Noulens, Joseph, Mon Ambassade en Russie Soviétique, 1917–1919, Librairie Pion, Paris, 1933, Vol. I, p. 58Google Scholar; Lennox, op.cit., Vol. II, p. 181; interview with Prof. Paul Mantoux, who was attached to the French Embassy in London.

^{page 17 note 5} Bourgin, op.cit., pp. 230–1.

^{page 18 note 1} “Stockholm”, op.cit., pp. xvii–xviii; Fainsod (op.cit., p. 136) misreports this item by saying that the Dutch-Scandinavian Committeesent out this statement.

^{page 18 note 2} “Stockholm”, op. cit., pp. xiv–xv and pp. xviii–xix.

^{page 18 note 3} The Rumanian Socialists refused to come because the German occupation authorities proposed that they should. They, therefore, believed the conference to be organised by the Germans, and instead asked that an inter-AUied Socialist conference should be held in Petrograd. Interview with Serban Voinea, former President of the Rumanian Socialist Party, and former Rumanian Minister at Berne; l'Humanité, Journal Socialiste, S.F.I.O., Paris, editor: Pierre Renaudel and later Marcel Cachin, 9 September, 1917, “Les Socialistes roumains proposentune Conférence interalliée à Petrograd”.

^{page 19 note 1} Fainsod, op.cit., pp. 150–1; Trotsky, , Leon, The History of the Russian Revolution, Victor Gollancz Ltd., London, 1934, pp. 341–2Google Scholar; Carr, op.cit., Vol. III, p. 570.

^{page 19 note 2} Balabanoff, Angelica, Erinnerungen und Erlebnisse (hereafter called Balabanoff, “E. und E.”), E. Laubsche Verlagsbuchhandlung G.m.b.H., Berlin, 1927, p. 138Google Scholar; Gankinand Fisher, op. cit., p. 615.

^{page 19 note 3} Gankin and Fisher, op. cit., p. 615.

^{page 20 note 1} Present at this meeting were: Balabanoff and Grimm for the I.S.C.; Bobrov of the Social Revolutionary Internationalists; Zinoviev, Lenin, and Kamenev of the Bolsheviks; Abramovitch of the Bund; Lapinsky of the Polish Socialist Party (Levitsa); Ryazanov, Trotsky, and Uritsky of the “Mezhraionka”; Rakovsky of the Rumanian Social-Democratic Party; and Bienstock, Martov, Martynov, and Larin of the Menshevik Internationalists.

^{page 20 note 2} Gankin and Fisher, op.cit., pp. 615–6; Fainsod, op.cit., pp. 155–4; “Archiv…”, op.cit., Vol. XII, pp. 365–6; Balabanoff, “E. und E.”, op.cit., pp. 148–51; Balabanoff, Angelica, My Life as a Rebel (hereafter called Balabanoff, “My Life…”), Hamish Hamilton, London, 1938, pp. 174–6.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 1} L'Humanité, op.cit., 18 June, 1917, “Une mesure d'expulsion contre Grimm”, p. 3; Kerensky, Alexander F., The Catastrophe: Kerensky'sOwn Story of the Russian Revolution, D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1927, p. 208.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 2} Gankin and Fisher, op.cit., pp. 616–29; Fainsod, op.cit., pp. 154–5; Balabanoff, “My Life…”, op.cit., pp. 177–9; Balabanoff, “E. und E.”, op.cit., pp. 157–6.

^{page 21 note 3} Fainsod (op.cit., p. 155) says Zinoviev was the third delegate; Gankin and Fisher (op. cit., p. 650 and p. 657) say Smirnov. It is unlikely that Zinoviev, a Bolshevik, adamant against the conference, was a delegate for the Petrograd Soviet.

^{page 23 note 1} Gankin and Fisher, op.cit., pp. 637–8; Balabanoff, “My Life…”, op.cit., pp. 182–3; Balabanoff, ”E.undE.”, op.cit., pp. 165–6; Fainsod, op cit. pp. 155–6.

^{page 23 note 2} Gankin and Fisher, op.cit., p. 630; Fainsod, op.cit., p. 156; “Archiv…”, op.cit., Vol. XII, pp. 372–4; Balabanoff, “My Life…”, op. cit., p. 183.

^{page 25 note 1} “Stockholm”, op. cit., pp. xix–xx and pp. 484–5.

^{page 25 note 2} ibid, p. 486.

^{page 25 note 3} Gankin and Fisher, op. cit., pp. 637–40.

^{page 25 note 4} “Stockholm”, op. cit., p. xx.