^{page 220 note 1} Cf. Buthman, W. C., The Rise of Integral Nationalism in France, New York 1939Google Scholar; Carrol, E. M., French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs, 1870–1914, New York 1931Google Scholar; Brogan, D. W., Development of Modern France, London 1947Google Scholar; Capus, A., Les Moeurs du Temps, Paris1912Google Scholar; Chéradame, A., La Crise française, Paris 1912Google Scholar; Giraud, V., Le Miracle français, Paris 1914; and many others.Google Scholar

^{page 221 note 1} They accepted the Nationalist alliance as they accepted any alliance with Right or Centre, e.g. as it suited them. Compare maps 13 and 15 in Goguel, F., Géographie des Elections françaises, Paris 1951Google Scholar, and Siegfried, A., Tableau Politique de la France de l'Ouest, Paris 1913, p. 417Google Scholar, to understand how lukewarm those Western regions where nobility was dominant were in supporting, say, the economic policies of the Right, whereas they reacted strongly on issues of national interest or prestige which affected their patriotic outlook.

^{page 221 note 2} In the Sables d'Olonnc, for instance, the Action française allied with Catholic and bourgeois interests in 1914 to secure the defeat of Henri Bazire, successor of Drumont as editor of La Libre Parole and leader of a rival movement on the Right.

^{page 222 note 1} Thus we find the Catholics putting up “a free-thinking Republican” as they did at Rennes in 1914 to secure the defeat of a distrusted Catholic like Louis Deschamps, or indulging in intramural struggles like those which preceded the election of Paul Simon at Brest against another Catholic candidate. Cf. Delourme, P., Trente-cinq ans de politique religieuse, Paris 1956, Ch. VII, passim.Google Scholar

^{page 223 note 1} France, A., Histoire Contemporaine, Paris 1948, P. 712.Google Scholar

^{page 224 note 1} Ibid., P. 743; the similarity to the Poujadist appeal might well be noted.

^{page 224 note 2} Siegfried, A., Mes Souvenirs de la 3e République, Paris 1946, passimGoogle Scholar; Agulhon, M. in George, P., etc., Etudes sur la Banlieue de Paris, Paris 1950.Google Scholar

^{page 225 note 1} Poincarism was the respectable Nationalism of 1912–1914, which “allowed all good men to come to the aid of their party” by providing a leader acceptable to good Republicans.

^{page 227 note 1} La Terre et les Morts, Paris 1899, p. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 227 note 2} Cf. Maurras, , Action française, 03 3, 1920.Google Scholar One may wonder whether these extreme characteristics were not due, at least in part, to the loss of electoral influence, and to the series of disastrous defeats inflicted upon the Right in general, and upon Nationalist candidates in particular, at all elections after 1898.

^{page 229 note 1} Cf. Barrès, , Roman de l'Energie NationaleGoogle Scholar; Romains, , Hommes de Bonne Volonté; France, op. cit.Google Scholar; Bulletin de l'Amitié Charles Péguy, passim.

^{page 229 note 2} Cf. Renan, , Reforme Intellectuelle et Morale, Oeuvres, Paris 1947, I, p. 347Google Scholar; Thabault, , Mon Village, Paris 1944; France, op. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 230 note 1} Cf. some instances of this attitude in Hazard, P., L'Ame française à la veille de la guerre, in: Revue internationale de l'enseignement, LXXIV, 1920Google Scholar; Curtius, E. R., Die literarischen Wegbereiter des neuen Frankreichs, Potsdam 1920Google Scholar; Cairns, J. C., Letters and International Politics, 1911–1914, in: University of Toronto Quarterly, XXIII, 1954Google Scholar; Bourne, R. S., Maurice Barrès and the Youth of France, in: Atlantic Monthly, CXIV, 1914.Google Scholar

^{page 230 note 2} Agathon, , Les Jeunes Gens d'Aujourd'hui, Paris 1913Google Scholar; Riou, G., Aux Ecoutes de la France Qui Vient, Paris 1913Google Scholar; Henriot, E., A Quoi Rêvent les Jeunes Gens, Paris 1913, are the most important.Google Scholar

^{page 231 note 1} Cf. Massis, H., L'Honneur de Servir, Paris 1937, p. 17Google Scholar; Petit, M., Histoire de la France Contemporaine, Paris 1916, p. 460Google Scholar; Weber, , Psichari and God, in: Yale French Studies, No. 12, 1954.Google Scholar

^{page 231 note 2} Pp. 136–37.

^{page 231 note 3} P. 283.

^{page 231 note 4} Péguy, , Paris 1948, I, p. 246.Google Scholar

^{page 232 note 1} Cf. Bernard, Le Soldat, Paris 1910Google Scholar; La Classe, Paris n.d.

^{page 232 note 2} Cf. Feuillerat, A., Paul Bourget, Paris 1937, p. 245.Google Scholar

^{page 233 note 1} Cf. Barois, Jean, L'Age Critique, I.Google Scholar

^{page 234 note 1} Cf. Lavisse's yearly prize-giving speeches at Nouvion-en-Thièrache, reported in Le Temps; France, A., Discours de Réception for Marcel Prévost, 04 21, 1910Google Scholar; Bourgin, H., De Jaurès à Léon Blum, Paris 1938, passim.Google Scholar

^{page 234 note 2} Fournière, E., Dépêche de Toulouse, 02 10, 1913Google Scholar; Nicolson, H., Lord Carnock, London 1930, pp. 397–98Google Scholar; Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette, Berlin 1922–1927, IXL, p. 190Google Scholar, note 2; Amtliche Aktenstücke zur Geschichte der europäischen Politik, Berlin 1925, IV, p. 148Google Scholar; British Documents on the Origin of the 1914 War, London, 1926–1938, X, 2, p. 674Google Scholar; Un Livre Noir, Paris 1922–1934, II, p. 304.Google Scholar

^{page 234 note 3} Heberle, R., Social Movements, New York 1951Google Scholar, Introduction, passim, tells us what a vague thing a “movement” might be, sometimes a mere trend or tendency, sometimes a factor in producing a trend, sometimes a response to a trend, sometimes a political party, sometimes something much less formal than that. Though to speak of a Nationalist party in connection with this period would give the wrong impression, it is correct to speak of a Nationalist movement because it qualifies under Professor Heberle's definition as “integrated by a set of constitutive ideas or an ideology”.

^{page 235 note 1} Variot, J., Propos de Georges Sorel, Paris 1935.Google Scholar

^{page 235 note 2} Cf. de Lyon, Le Progrès, 03 19, 1913Google Scholar; L'Humanité, , 05 26, 1913.Google Scholar

^{page 235 note 3} Lettres de la Princesse Radziwill, Bologna 1934, IV, 77.Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 1} Parole, La Libre, 12 13, 1911; 05 8, 1912.Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 2} Parole, La Libre, 12 6, 1911.Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 3} Rozet, G., L'Eclair, 09 15, 1911Google Scholar; Mulle, P., Dépêche de Toulouse, 02 2, 1912Google Scholar; Bardouz, J., L'Opinion, 12 28, 1912Google Scholar; Cury, L., L'Echo de Paris, 01 2, 1913Google Scholar; Brisson, A., Le Temps, 02 24, 1913Google Scholar; Marguerite, V., Le gôut de l'énergie, Paris 1912; etc.Google Scholar

^{page 237 note 1} London 1944, p. 35 and passim.

^{page 238 note 1} Op. cit., p. 419.