^{page 48 note 2} Western scholars have, with a handful of exceptions, ignored the social history of the Balkans. One of the exceptions is Black, C. E.'s “Russia and the Modernization of the Balkans”, in: Jelavich, C., ed., The Balkans in Transition, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963, pp. 145–183Google Scholar. This is a fine study which runs counter to the generally accepted view of things, and as such provides a valuable corrective. Among the works which tend to exaggerate the significance of Russian influence, I am uneasy about the first chapter of my own Svetozar Marković and the Origins of Balkan Socialism, Princeton, 1964. The latest Yugoslav research does not indicate that many new directions are being pursued in that country; see Leković, Dragutin, “Zur Verbreitung der Ideen der I. Internationale in den jugoslawischen Ländern”, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung (Berlin), VI, 1964Google Scholar, Sonderheft “Marx, Engels und die I. Internationale. Protokoll der wissenschaftlichen Konferenz zum 100. Jahrestag der Gründung der I. Internationale”, pp. 171–173Google Scholar. Leković's brief presentation shows the Yugoslavs still too enraptured with the work of Svetozar Marković to pursue the question of the origins of Marxist influence in the South Slav lands. A much better work which deals, however, largely with Svetozar Marković's influence upon Serbian literature, is Vitomir R. Vuletić's Svetozar Marković i ruski revolucionarni demokrati (Novi Sad, 1964).

^{page 49 note 1} Kusheva, E. N., “Iz russko-serbskikh revoliutsionnykh sviazei 1870-kh godov”, in: Uchënye zapiski Instituta Slavianovedeniia, I, 1949, p. 351.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 2} Kondrat'eva, V. N., “Novye arkhivnye materialy po istotii Ob'edinënnoi serbskoi omladiny”Google Scholar, ibid., XX, 1960, pp. 308–309.

^{page 49 note 3} Among the other socialists the only two who studied at the Kiev seminary were Živojin Žujović and Vasa Pelagić; Žujovi´ died in 1870, and was only vaguely a socialist, and the archimandrite Pelagić was under Turkish house arrest in Asia Minor from 1869 until 1871.

^{page 50 note 1} See Čubrilović, Vasa, Istorija političise misli u Srbiji XIX veka, Belgrade, 1958, chs. V-VII.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 2} On the Russian section see Koz'min, B.P., Russkaia sektsiia pervogo Internatsionala, M. 1957Google Scholar; Itenberg, B. S., Pervyi Intematsional i revoliutsionnaia Rossiia, M. 1964Google Scholar; and my bibliographical article “The Russian Section of the First International”, in: Cahiers de l'Institut de Science Économique Appliquée, August 1964, pp. 177–198.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 3} “The Political and Economic Situation of the Working Class in Serbia”, in: Narodnoe Delo(The People's Cause), nos. 2 and 3, May 1870.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 4} Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis (Amsterdam), Becker Papers, D III 147.

^{page 51 note 1} The first volume of the Rakić translation was published in Belgrade in 1871. He also translated Les Misérables and some of Heine's works.

^{page 51 note 2} IISG, Marx-Engels Correspondence, D 3716.

^{page 52 note 1} Ibid. D 3717.

^{page 52 note 2} Ibid., D 3538. Since this letter is in the old German orthography, and has a signature in the modern script which would appear to be “L. Nikolajevitch”, the problem of identifying its author (whose handwriting is all but illegible) has been rather difficult. It is however known that Svetomir Nikolajević was in London at the time, that he and Raki´ came from neighboring villages in Serbia, that he was a friend of Pašić and Pera Todoro- vić, and that he was later one of the founders of the Serbian Radical party. The handwriting (in Serbian, and in the Cyrillic script) of an 1886 letter written by Svetomir Nikolajević bears a certain resemblance to the 1871 letter in German, and the signatures are very similar (the 1886 letter was kindly loaned to me through my friend Dr. Dimitrije Prodanović by the Državni Arhiv Narodne Republike Srbije).

^{page 53 note 1} For a little more on Rakić see Vuletić, , Svetozar Marković, p. 204.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 2} Vorbote, Der, no. 1, January 1871, p. 16.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 3} See below pp. 16 and 20.

^{page 53 note 4} Archives d'Etat de Genève (AEG), Étrangers Dh 24, p. 53, no. 53033. This source gives only the dates of Ljotić's visit to Geneva, but subsequent developments were to indicate that he met Becker at this time.

^{page 53 note 5} Der Vorbote. no. 4, April 1871, pp. 53–55.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 6} “The Fall of the Paris Commune”, in: Radenik, no. 1, 1 June 1871Google Scholar; “The White Terror”, ibid., nos. 17–21, 8–17 July 1871.

^{page 54 note 1} For a good discussion of the problem see Milutinović, Kosta, “Odjek Pariske komune u Srbiji i Vojvodini”, in: Letopis Matice Srpske, vol. 367, 1951, pp. 420–437Google Scholar. See also my Marković, , pp. 149–152.Google Scholar

^{page 54 note 2} Vorbote, Der, no. 4, April 1871, p. 64Google Scholar. On the subject of these contributions, it is inter esting to note that Bakunin had earlier drawn the scorn of S. Borkheim for his own do nation; see Vorbote, Der, August 1868, p. 128Google Scholar, and IISG, M-E Correspondence, D 513, 514.

^{page 54 note 3} L'Égalité, no. 12, 8 July 1871.

^{page 55 note 1} Volksstaat, Der, no. 6i, 29 July 1871Google Scholar. Pavlović was the editor of the republican newspaper Pančevac (The Pancevan), and Nikola Marković, no relation to Svetozar, was one of his collaborators.

^{page 56 note 1} Volksstaat, Der, nos. 78, 88 and 104 of 27 September, 1 November and 30 December 1871Google Scholar. For a list of some of the literature available see no. 47, 12 June 1872. Among the works listed is a German translation of a brochure written by A. A. Serno-Solov'evich, the first Russian émigré to establish firm ties with the International (and Marx).

^{page 56 note 2} Ibid., no. 87, 28 October 1871. The item is dated Belgrade, 6/18 October.

^{page 57 note 1} Cazi, Josip, Počeci modernog radničkog pokreta u Hrvatskoj, I, Zagreb, n.d., pp. 6ffGoogle Scholar. Franjo Topolšćak was the society's first president. One writer has claimed that the Croatian intellectuals “lagged behind” the Serbs: Matoš, A. G., “Svetozar Marković”, in: Savremenik (Zagreb), 1911, pp. 305–304.Google Scholar

^{page 57 note 2} Radenik, , no. 76, 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 1} Volksstaat, Der, no. 14, 17 February 1872.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 2} Ibid., no. 32, 20 April 1872. There were at the time tailors' strikes in Leipzig and Fürth; in the latter city the apprentices were seeking a 25 per cent pay increase and a reduction of the work week to 66 (sic) hours; see ibid., no. 26, 30 March 1872.

^{page 58 note 3} Radenik, , no. 44, 23 April 1872.Google Scholar

^{page 58 note 4} L'Égalité, no. 2, 28 January 1872. The subscription for “Serbie B. M.M.S.” is apparently ”Belgrade, M. Marković Svetozar”.

^{page 58 note 5} Meijer, J. M., Knowledge and Revolution, Assen, 1955, pp. 89–90, 94–95Google Scholar; Kusheva, E. N., “Iz russko-serbskikh revoliutsionnykh sviazei”Google Scholar, loc. cit., pp. 352–353.

^{page 58 note 6} This section was formed in October of 1871 and was admitted to the International on 30 January 1872. It should not, of course, be confused with the regular Zürich section founded in 1867 by Hermann Greulich and Karl Bürkly. Greulich wrote to the Genera Council on 18 December 1871 and announced the reorganization of his section, noting that “in our Section are also members of the Russian and Polish nationalities (no Bakuninists)”. See IISG, Jung Papers, no. 973.

^{page 59 note 1} IISG, Smirnov Papers, Afz. Stk. IV, Smirnov, to Buturlin, A. S., 11 August 1872.Google Scholar

^{page 59 note 2} Skerlić, Jovan, Svetozar Marković (2nd ed., Belgrade, 1922), p. 87nGoogle Scholar. traces the fate of some of them.

^{page 59 note 3} Meijer, J. M., Knowledge and Revolution, p. 97Google Scholar; Volksstaat, Der, no. 95, 8 October 1873Google Scholar: “Es war derselbe von 31 Delegirten gebildet… wovon 18 deutscher… 9 französischer (Franzosen und Schweizer), 2 italienischer, 1 holländischer und serbischer Sprache.”

^{page 60 note 1} AEG, Étrangers, Dh 24, p. 53, nos. 58031–58033.

^{page 61 note 1} IISG, Becker Papers, DII 296.

^{page 62 note 1} On that trial see Der Volksstaat, nos. 36, 37, 4 and 8 May 1872. On the socialist movement in the Vojvodina see Laza Nančić, Izabrani političkispisi, Novi Sad, 1961.

^{page 62 note 2} See Ilić, D., Prve žene socijalisti u Srbiji, Belgrade, 1956, pp. 17–36Google Scholar, and Meijer, , Knowledge and Revolution, pp. 89–90, 96,185.Google Scholar

^{page 62 note 3} See Bernstein, Eduard, Aus den Jahren meines Exils, Berlin, 1918, pp. 119–120.Google Scholar

^{page 62 note 4} Volksstaat, Der, no. 110, 12 November 1873.Google Scholar

^{page 62 note 5} Andréas, Bert, Le Manifeste Communiste de Marx et Engels: Histoire et Bibliographic, 1848–1918, Milan, 1963, no. 56.Google Scholar

^{page 62 note 6} Tagwacht, Die, nos 3, 19, 18 January and 10 May 1873.Google Scholar

^{page 62 note 7} Volksstaat, Der, nos. 52, 93, 28 June and 3 October 1873Google Scholar. In this same period only one copy was received in Amsterdam.

^{page 62 note 8} Ibid., no. 24, 27 February 1874.

^{page 63 note 1} On the trial see my Marković, , pp. 222ff.Google Scholar

^{page 63 note 2} Volksstaat, Der, no. 41, 10 April 1874.Google Scholar

^{page 63 note 3} Ibid., nos. 66, 84, 10 June and 22 July 1874. In the latter issue Liebknecht inserted a note to the effect that Bismarck, as the author of the new “press-muzzling” law in Germany, would feel at home in the company of the Serbian lawmakers who decreed cudgeling for those convicted of press crimes.

^{page 63 note 4} Vuletić, , Svetozar Marković, lists thirteen of the publications (pp. 201–202)Google Scholar. He does not include the Marković journals, nor does he mention Graničar (The Frontierist – published in Zemun in 1874 by Jovan Pavlović and Nikola Marković) or Rad (Labor), which Pera Todorović began to publish in Belgrade in 1874.

^{page 64 note 1} Volksstaat, Der, no. 31. Nancić, then studying in Vienna, accompanied Marković's body from Trieste to the Rumanian-Serbian frontier; see his Izabrani politički spisi, V/1, p. 36.Google Scholar

^{page 64 note 2} Volksstaat, Der, April-May-June-July 1875.Google Scholar

^{page 64 note 3} Ibid., no. 97, 25 August 1875. The best book on the uprising remains Vasa Cubrilovid's Bosanski ustanak 1875–1878, Belgrade, 1950.

^{page 65 note 1} Mouravieff, Boris, Le Testament de Pierre le Grand: Légende et réalité, Neuchâtel, 1949; the “testament” is reproduced on pp. 73–77.Google Scholar

^{page 65 note 2} Nančić, , Izabrani politički spisi, V/i, p. 10.Google Scholar

^{page 65 note 3} Volksstaat, Der, no. 21, 20 February 1876.Google Scholar

^{page 65 note 4} Nauka, Glasnik Srpske Akademije, III, no. 2, 1951, pp. 321–322Google Scholar; Volksstaat, Der, nos. 32 and 43, 17 March and 12 April 1876.Google Scholar

^{page 65 note 5} Volksstaat, Der, no. 43, 12 April 1876.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 1} Ibid., no. 75, 30 June 1876.

^{page 66 note 2} Ibid., nos. 47, 48, 25 and 25 April 1876.

^{page 66 note 3} “Die materialistische Richtung in der Wissenschaft”, ibid., nos. 109–114, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27 and 29 September 1876.

^{page 66 note 4} IISG, Motteler Papers, no. 2809, Nančić to Der Volksstaat, 8 April 1876. Kautsky's article in question was: “Der Socialismus und der Kampf um das Dasein”, in: Der Volksstaat, nos. 49 and 50, 28 and 30 April 1876.

^{page 67 note 1} Vorwärts, , no. 26, 29 November 1876.Google Scholar

^{page 67 note 2} Ibid., no. 14, 2 February 1877.

^{page 67 note 3} Jovanović, Slobodan, “Serbia in the Early '‘Seventies”, in: The Slavonic Review, IV, 1925–1926, p. 395.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 1} Vorwärts, , nos. 32, 33, 17 and 20 March 1878.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 1} IISG, Smirnov Papers, Afz. Stk. IV, Smimov, to Buturlin, , January 1873.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 2} Ibid., IA(3), Lavrov to Idel'son, 14 November 1873.

^{page 69 note 3} Vperëd! (London), no. 21, 15 November 1875, pp. 671–672.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 4} Papers, Smirnov, Afz. Stk. III, p. 86Google Scholar, letter no. 91, Smirnov to Idel'son, 4 February [1878].

^{page 69 note 5} Ibid., Minić to Vperëd!, 31 July 1878 (Minić mentions his collaboration with Stevan Milićević, one of Svetozar Marković's colleagues); Stanišić to Vperëd!, undated; Persida Nikolajević to Vperëd!, 19 April 1878.

^{page 70 note 1} IISG, Smirnov Papers, has a letter from the Bulgarian Ivan Dobrev to Vperëd! of 30 April 1885 requesting collaboration in the exchange of newspapers and books. A Bulgarian socialist, Georgi Manoilov, got in touch with Bernstein in 1889 and made a plea for help in his effort to propagate socialism (IISG, Julius Papers, 798/2).

^{page 72 note 1} Two important articles which appeared too late for inclusion in this study are Vitomir o Vuletić, “Svetozar Marković i Prva internacionala”, and Gecić, Milena, “Prvisocijalistički list u Srbiji ‘Radenik’ i Prva internacionala”, in: Prilozi za istoriju socijalizma, 1966, no. 2, pp. 159–179, 385–392Google Scholar. While they do not present any important new material, these studies do strengthen my contention concerning the extent and significance of the Serbian socialists’ contacts with the First International.