Page 112 note 1 Conspiration pour l'égalité dite de Babeuf, Bruxelles 1828, 2 vol.Google Scholar In the following quoted as “Conspiration”.

Page 112 note 2 Alessandro Galante Garrone has studied in his book, Filippo Buonarroti e i rivoluzionari dell'Ottocento, Torino 1951, 514 pp., the influence of Buonarroti and his personal relation with the revolutionaries in the 19th century in France, Belgium, Italy.

Page 113 note 1 Garrone, A. Galante, Buonarroti e Babeuf, Torino 1948, 282 pp.Google Scholar

Page 113 note 2 Saitta, Armando, Buonarroti, Filippo. Contributi alla Storia della sua Vita e del suo Pensiero. Roma Vol. I, 1950, XII 295Google Scholar pp.; Vol. II, 1951, 315 pp. Subsequently quoted as Saitta I and II.

Page 113 note 3 There is still no Life of Buonarroti. The first scholary biography was published by Giuseppe Romano-Catania, Filippo Buonarroti, Milano 1902, 259 pp. For this second enlarged edition the author used the documents in the possession of Félix Delhasse, whom he met at the age of 80. One should like to know what has become of these papers. Romano-Catania also used the study of Weill, Georges, Philippe Buonarroti – Revue Historique, 1901, p. 241–275.Google Scholar

Weill summarized for the first time (Revue Historique, 1905, p. 317–323Google Scholar) the papers of Buonarroti in the possession of Baudement, whose son deposited these in the Bibliothèque Nationale in 1905 (F. Fr. Nouv. Acq. 20803 and 20804). Some of these manuscripts have been published by Paul Robiquet, Buonarroti et la secte des Egaux d'apres des documents inédits, Paris, 1910, 331 pp.

All important papers have now been published in an admirable way by A. Saitta, with great accuracy and knowledge based on a careful philological research by which he was able to date the different manuscripts.

Page 114 note 1 This episode has been studied by Pia Onnis, Filippo Buonarroti. Commissario rivoluzionario a Oneglia nel 1794–95. Estratto dalla Nuova Rivista Storica 1939. Fasc. IV-V. 49 pp.

Page 115 note 1 Saitta, II, 136–159, “A Buonarrotist programme for a Revolution”, written probably about 1828/1829.

Page 116 note 1 Eine geheime Verbindung im strengsten Verstande nenne ich diejenige, deren Ursprung, Zwek, Mittel, Einrichtung und Daseyn, nur ihren Eingeweihten, und so viel einige dieser Stücke in ihrem ganzen Umfang betrift, nur den Geprüftesten ihrer Mitglieder bekannt sind. (Ueber die geheime Welt-und Regierungskunst, Frankfurt 1795, p. 45Google Scholar).

Page 117 note 1 They were written for his special secret organisation the “Monde”, of which nothing was known but the name. A. Saitta discovered and published (op. cit. II, p. 92–116) this document, which is of capital importance.

Page 118 note 1 Penny Satirist, Nr. 8–126, 10 June 1837–14 September 1839. In the collection of the paper in The British Museum one copy, Nr. 73, 8–9–1838, is missing. Prati wrote regularly in the paper and signed his articles “The Medical Adviser”. Previously he had published articles in Shepherd (1834–1838), edited by the Rev. J. E. Smith, an Owenite, who also edited the Penny Satirist.

Page 118 note 2 There is no explanation why the autobiography was not continued, because Prati remained a contributor for several years. It is unlikely that the autobiography appeared in bookform as announced in the Penny Satirist 10–3–1838.

Page 118 note 3 Penny Satirist, 23–9–1837.

Page 119 note 1 Two documents relating to this correspondence have been published from the papers of Buonarroti in the B.N., by Saitta II, p. 37–41.

Page 119 note 2 Andryane, Alexandre, Souvenirs de Genève.… 1839.Google Scholar T. II, p. 204. These souvenirs of the author of the famous “Memoirs of a Prisoner of State” of which they are a continuation, remain notwithstanding the factual errors, an important source for Buonarroti.

Page 119 note 3 Andryane, ib. p. 206, mentions Grenoble as being the residence since 1806; he confuses this with Buonarroti's later stay there in 1813.

Page 119 note 4 Andryane, op. cit. II, p. 207.

Page 120 note 1 Arch. Nat. F⁷ 6331 2e dossier (reports of the Préfet de Genève and other documents). See also on Buonarroti in Geneva Pianzola, Maurice, Filippo Buonarroti in Svizzera, in “Movimento Operaio”, Jan.-Febr. 1955, p. 123–154.Google Scholar

Page 120 note 2 The documents known are mainly those which were confiscated on the arrest of Andryane (18–1–1823) and the information he imparted. They were supplemented partly by the information given earlier to the police by a police spy, who had been initiated into the society (at Turin) in 1820, and by Wit-Dörring. Some of these documents were published from the Italian Archives by Rinieri, Mario, Delia Vita e delle opere di Silvio Pellico, Turin 1899Google Scholar, Vol. II, and by Sandonà, Augusto, Contribute alla Storia dei Processi del Ventuno e dello Spielberg, Torino 1911.Google Scholar I used the copies and summaries of the original documents sent by the Austrian police to the French police (Arch. Nat. F⁷ 6684 and 6685). The original documents were sent to Vienna, which however nobody seems to have used. See also Saitta II, p. 61–91.

Page 121 note 1 Arch. Nat. F⁷ 6684.

Page 121 note 2 c.f. Saitta I, p. 114–118.

Page 121 note 3 On the influence of the Illuminati on the Philadelphes see Carlo Francovich, Gli Illuminati di Weishaupt e l'idea egualitaria in alcune società segrete del Risorgimento, Movimento Operaio July/August 1952, p. 553–586. There existed in Florence a Lodge of the Illuminati in 1786, of which Buonarroti might have been a member.

Page 122 note 1 The story of his mission and arrest is told in the first six chapters of his “Mémoires d'un prisonnier d'Etat au Spielberg”.

Page 123 note 1 Many facts given by Prati in his memoirs can be checked by other sources and proved to be correct.

Page 123 note 2 The first credo, the “Profession de Foi de l'Eglise de Δ, [in the original the sign of a circle with three points] ou rassemblement des “Sublimes Maîtres Parfaits” reads in the original document: “Credo a Deo hominum patre et legislatore, justum beatam obtenturum immortalitatem. Credo Deum sola charitate colendum, praeter quam quidquid cogitaveris stultitia. Credo in mutuum amorern divino naturalique jure homines quatenus eiusdem filios aequaliter teneri. Credo hunc esse divinum fontem aequalitatis, quam sancivit sociale foedus, vi cujus generali placito, verae nempe legi, obedire vera libertas est. Credo quamcumque potestatem aliunde ortam sicut scelus esse damnamdam.” (Arch. Nat. F⁷ 6684). They have been published for the first time from the papers of Andryane by Rinieri, op. cit. II, p. 44–45. Also by Sandonà, op. cit. p. 183 and p. 186, and now by Saitta I, p. 90.

Page 123 note 3 Penny Satirist, 10.3.1838.

Page 124 note 1 This third grade is until now unknown, wrote A. Saitta, but from a page in Buonarroti's papers in the B.N. where in addition to the Latin text, similar to the known “professions of faith” of the first two grades, a third text was given, he ingeniously concluded this to be the third credo, as according to the Masonic structure a third grade must exist. This indeed is the Areopagus.

Page 124 note 2 On the Areopagus of Weishaupt's society (founded in 1776)Google Scholar see: Engel, Leopold, Geschichte des Illuminaten-Ordens.…, Berlin, 1906, p. 83–85; p. 108–112Google Scholar; Forestier, R. Le, Les Illuminés de Bavière…, Paris, 1915, p. 30.Google Scholar

Page 125 note 1 Penny Satirist, 10.3.1838.

Page 126 note 1 E.g. in the Andryane documents, and also in a report of the Prefect of Lons-le-Saunier (9–9–1824) concerning an international meeting at Aarau in the middle of July 1823 of revolutionaries “sous l'empire suprême du Directoire invisible et universel, qui siège à Paris”; Harpe, La, who came from Lausanne had been nominated “comme chef de toute la Suisse par le Directoire ou le Grand Firmament de Paris”Google Scholar (Arch. Nat. F⁷ 6684).

Page 126 note 2 Baudement, of whom still very little is known, might have belonged to this circle in Paris. He had been the agent of the second arrondissement of Babeuf's Secret Directory. In the “Conspiration” he is mentioned twice (under the anagram De Naumbet, but in the Errata the real name is mentioned); in the police dossiers of the conspiracy he figured however under the name Bodman (Walter, G., Babeuf…. et la conjuration des Egaux, 1937, p. 134Google Scholar, calls him Baudeman). He was a member of the Philadelphes and he was implicated in the first conspiracy of Malet. His son gave the papers of Buonarroti to the Bibliothèque Nationale (Baudement wanted to write a biography of Voyer d'Argenson, Teste and Buonarroti). Delhasse is said to have written a biography of Baudement under the pseudonym of F. Laidaes.

Page 127 note 1 Apart from the well known narrative of Louis Blanc and the references given by Cabet, see also the articles of Pance, Benjamin, Flottard, J. T., and especially Trekt, in Paris Réevolutionnaire, 1833–1834.Google Scholar

Page 127 note 2 Statuts et programme de la Charbonnerie française: Arch. Nat. F⁷ 6684, Code de la X [i.e. the “Charbonnerie française”] Ms. 22 pp.

Page 128 note 1 Corcelle, F. De, Documens pour servir à l'Histoire des Conspirations.…., Paris 1831, p. 12.Google Scholar

Page 128 note 2 “Tout était terminé vers la fin de 1823” (Rey, Joseph, Notice historique sur les sociétés secrètes, Le Patriote des Alpes, 16–12-1847Google Scholar; Calmette, A.: “Après 1823 la Charbonnerie continue à fonctionner, mais elle est sans force”Google Scholar (Les carbonari en France sous la Restauration, in “La Révolution de 1848”, 1913, p. 229.Google Scholar

Page 128 note 3 The Rules and Statutes Andryane carried with him had been translated into Italian by Angeloni, who gave him also a letter of introduction (dated 6–9–1822). This letter was communicated to the French Government and caused his expulsion (14–3–1823). He died in London in miserable circumstances.

Page 128 note 4 Penny Satirist, 12.5.1838.

Page 128 note 5 The dates are in accordance with Andryane (op. cit. II, 328), who wrote on the 6th December: “B. est venu à Lausanne…. Il venait d'Yverdon”.

Page 129 note 1 Andryane, op. cit. p. 328.

Andryane, certainly not a heroic character, became thus a rather tragic victim of the barbaric police methods of Metternich. It seems somewhat incomprehensible how Buonarroti gave to Andryane on his secret and dangerous mission also the old documents of the Society, with the Statutes, which (after Modena) had just been abrogated.

Page 129 note 2 Follen left October 1824 for Paris, from where he went to America.

Page 129 note 3 The ramifications of Buonarroti's society in Spain are still to be studied. A report on Spain of the Prefect of the Pyr. Orientates (17.3.1824) is in the Arch. Nat. F⁷ 6684.

Page 130 note 1 See the letter of the Parket in Brussels of 13.5.1824 to the Minister of Justice in The Hague, in answer to his request to be informed on Buonarroti. On the 24.3.1824 the French Foreign Minister had asked for information about Buonarroti. Both letters are in the “Rijksarchief”, The Hague (dossier “Justitie” 535 and 544). Further documents relating to the result of the enquiries are missing. In the “Radical” of 15.10.1838 (Alexandre) Delhasse published the curious statement: “on ne trouvera rien sur Buonarroti dans les archives de la police secrète”. I wish to thank Dr. Julien Kuypers, chef de cabinet of the Belgian Ministry of Education, for this information and for the research he made in this respect.

Page 130 note 2 Penny Satirist, 2.6.1838.

Page 130 note 3 Félix Delhasse, born in 1809, the first Belgian Buonarrotist, became one of the editors of “Le Radical” (16–4–1837/26–8–1838), an essential source for Buonarroti's influence in Belgium.

Page 130 note 4 The story is told by Bertrand, Louis, Histoire de la démocratie et du socialisme en Belgique…., 1906Google Scholar, I, p. 95.

Page 130 note 5 G. Fontana-Rava, went later to London where he became, with Prati, a Saint-Simonian propagandist.

Page 130 note 6 See Battistini, M., Filippo Buonarroti nel Belgio e le sue relazioni con Luigi de Potter. Livorno 1931, 14Google Scholar pp.

Page 130 note 7 De Potter wrote to Tielemans: “…je pourrai dire que je l'ai fait paraître”. At the trial against De Potter in 1829, the avocat-général Spruyt said that the accused “se lia intimement avec l'auteur de l'Histoire de la Conspiration…. Il coopéra à la publication de cet ouvrage, avec une ardeur vraiment étrange,….” and quoted long passages from the “Conspiration” to prove the subversive ideas of De Potter! (see “Procès contre L. de Potter, F. Tielemans”…, 3 Mai 1830, 1, p. 20, and “Pièces”…., p. 38.)

Page 130 note 8 On the titlepage of the “Conspiration” is mentioned only “Librairie Romantique”.

Page 131 note 1 This settles the confused issue of the existence of an English translation in 1828, as mentioned by Robiquet (op. cit. p. 162); M. Dommanget (Pages Choisies…. p. 12–13); A. Saitta (I, p. 69); G. Manacorda (in the introduction to the first Italian translation, 1946, p. XXVI). The supposition is based a on an erroneous interpretation of the passage of Barère – “Les anglais ont fait traduire les deux volumes” – in his Mémoires (1844, IV, p. 93). As A. Galante Garrone showed, op. cit. p. 413, this passage refers to the edition of 1836; b on a remark of G. Charavay in the “Avis” of his edition of 1850: “Les deux premières [éditions] ont paru à Londres et à Bruxelles, en 1828”; also: A. Ranc in his preface to his edition of 1869 (p. I). This too is an erroneous interpretation, because Charavay does not speak of a “translation”, but of an edition, and the edition of Brussels in 1828 was reissued in the same year under a new title in London. The edition of 1836 was the first English translation, as is obvious also from the correspondence of O'Brien with Buonarroti in that year.

Page 131 note 2 He travelled together with three Germans, Professor Rosen, a lawyer S. and J. G. Wesselhoeft, whom he introduced to Buonarroti (Penny Satirist, 22.12.1838). This was the “young German”, whom Buonarroti recommended to Teste (Letters of 2.4 and 10.6.1830). Johann Georg Wesselhoeft who belonged to the family of Robert and Wilhelm Wesselhoeft (friends of Prati, Pollen and Snell) went to America, where he edited in Philadelphia “Die alte und neue Welt”, (c.f. Treitschke, H. v., Deutsche Geschichte, Leipzig 1889Google Scholar, IV, p. 609).

Page 131 note 3 In November 1828 Louis de Potter had been sentenced to 18 months imprisonment.

Page 132 note 1 See Rusconi, Carlo, Memorie aneddotiche per servire alia storia del Rinnovamento Italiano. Roma 1883, Ch. II, p. 19–26.Google Scholar

Page 132 note 2 Letter 23.5.1834 to De Resales (c.f. Romano-Catania, op. cit. p. 232).

Page 132 note 3 The significance of “Sfera” is still unexplained.

Page 132 note 4 Saitta I, p. 152; II, p. 117–124.

Page 132 note 5 Joseph-Auguste Guinard, involved in most of the conspiracies under the Restoration, was, like Teste, a member of the society “Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera”, and one of the leaders of the “Société des Droits de l'Homme”, arrested in connection with the insurrection of April 1834.

Page 132 note 6 See the biographical article on Guinard in: Rhaye, Pascal, Les Condamnés de Versailles [The Trial in connection with the June insurrection, 13.6.1849], Paris 1850, p. 171.Google Scholar

Page 133 note 1 Godefroy Cavaignac was one of the most prominent leaders of the revolutionary wing of the republican movement and President of the “Droits de l'Homme” after the resignation of Raspail (1832). Although, in these years, his ideas were very close – like those of his friend Guinard – to those of Buonarroti, he cannot be regarded as a Buonarrotist.

Page 133 note 2 The mentioning of Cambon (who died in 1820) does not discredit the story, because Cavaignac at any rate, although rather young, met Cambon in Brussels, as A. Saint-Ferréol relates (Les proscrits français en Belgique, Bruxelles 1870Google Scholar, I, p. 19), where his father, the conventional Joseph-Baptiste Cavaignac, lived in exile.

Page 133 note 3 Dr. P. Lortet (1791–1868) of Lyons. Prati visited him in 1822. His name in the “Charbonnerie” was Lucullus. He advocated after 1830 a decentralisation, and he joined in 1832 the Committee of “Jeune France”, of Mazzini's Young Europe.

Page 133 note 4 The letters are published in extenso by Saitta II, p. 45–54.

Page 133 note 5 Of the life of Charles Teste is still little known. According to Romano-Catania, Delhasse wrote a biography on Teste, which was never published. A biographical article of Delhasse on Teste appeared in “Nécrologie Liègeoise”, 1853. Teste was a member of the masonic order “Misraīm”. His name is mentioned in the “Tableau des membres composant la puissance suprême de l'ordre masonique de Misraïm et de ses quatre séries pour la France, année 5826 ou 1822, 90^e Δ^d Δ, pag. 8, Charles Teste, 90 Δ et d^er Δ Le G Δ Expert, Capitaine des Gardes” [the sign Δ stands for three points].

See also the “mémoire sur les sociétés secrètes” by Simon Duplay (the former editor of “l'Eclaireur du peuple” who afterwards was employed by Fouché in the secret police, and who kept this post under the Restoration), published in “Revue Internationale des sociétés secrètes”, 1913, p. 523–554.Google Scholar

According to Wit-Dörring, the three highest grades of the Misraïm, “grades voilés”, were dependent on the “Comité directeur” (Fragmente aus meinem Leben, Leipzig 1828, III, Ie Abt., p. 12, 13).

Page 134 note 1 Penny Satirist, 2.2.1839.

Page 134 note 2 On Voyer d'Argenson (1771–1842) see: Weill, Georges, D'Argenson et la Question Sociale. International Review of Social History, IV, 1939, p. 161–170.Google Scholar

Page 134 note 3 Bonnias, H., Discours prononcé sur la tombe de Voyer d'Argenson, le 4 août 1842…. Paris 1842, p. 7.Google Scholar

Page 134 note 4 A. Saitta, op. cit. I, p. 110. The date can be deducted from the fact that Buonarroti's anti-Mazzinean Circular dated 1.9.1833 was issued by the “Haute Vente Universelle” of the “Charbonnerie réformée”, and the second Circular dated 10.1.1834 was issued by the Ch. D. U. Both Circulars were published by Romano-Catania, op. cit. p. 216–224, the only source.

Page 134 note 5 As Buonarroti wrote in a letter to his friend Tussau, dated 25.11.1833. The letter has been published by A. Galante Garrone, op. cit. p. 501–502.

Page 135 note 1 The documents were published in the reports connected with the trial of the “Droits de l'homme”. Cour des Pairs, Affaire du Mois d'avril 1834; Rapport fait à la cour par Girod, M. (de l'Ain), tome quatrième, Paris 1834, p. 187–213.Google Scholar

Page 135 note 2 Charles de Ludre is mentioned by De Potter as belonging to the intimate group of Buonarroti. He was a deputy and since February 1834 a member of the Central Committee of the “Droits de l'Homme”.

Page 135 note 3 Bouton, Victor, Profiles révolutionnaires, Paris 1848, p. 25Google Scholar, wrote in his biographical article on Mathieu, that Mathieu”…. avait reçu des mains de Buonarroti lui-même sa procuration spéciale de la Charbonnerie réformée. Les débats [of the trial in 1835] ne dévoilèrent rien de ce côté [i.e. the Charbonnerie] curieux du procès: rien ne fat découvert, rien ne fut mis à nu. Les liaisons de Mathieu avec Buonarroti et Charles Teste expliquent ce que la justice ne put connaître”. That is to say, Mathieu did not reveal anything.

Page 135 note 4 c.f. Romano-Catania, op. cit. p. 233–235. The last document known.

Page 135 note 5 See Lehning, A. M., The International Association. 1855–1859. A contribution to the Preliminary History of the First International. Leiden, 1938.Google Scholar

Page 135 note 6 The statutes of the First International, adopted at the Congress at Geneva, said in art. I: “Une association est établie pour procurer un point central de communication et de coopération entre les ouvriers des différents pays aspirant au même but”…..

Page 137 note 1 Projet de Constitution Républicaine et Déclaration des Principes Fondamentaux de la Société; précédés d'un Exposé des Motifs. Par Ch. Ant. Teste. Egalité, Paris 1833, 68 pp. A Belgian edition, of which 4000 copies were printed, was published three years later (Bruxelles 1836, 88 pp) at the cost of Félix Delhasse.

Page 138 note 1 On Mazzini's relation with Buonarroti and the Apofasimeni and Veri Italiani, see A. Saitta, I. p. 203, and II, p. 199–215, and A. Galante Garrone, op. cit., p. 333–363. See also Carlo Francovich, F. Buonarroti e la società dei Veri Italiani in Il Ponte, 1951, p. 136–145; p. 261–269.

Page 139 note 1 Hauréau, B., La Montagne…., Paris 1834, p. 111–112.Google Scholar

Page 140 note 1 Penny Satirist, 21.4.1838.

Page 140 note 2 Louis Blanc, op. cit. IV, p. 184.