¹ See President Eisenhower's recommendation to Congress on June 1, 1953 for the transfer of all US foreign aid operations to a new “Foreign Operations Administration” which would replace the Mutual Security Agency (MSA) and absorb the Technical Cooperation Administration of the Department of State. Department of State, Bulletin, 06 15, 1953Google Scholar.

² In June 1952 a permanent full-time Executive Chairman for TAB was appointed with power to act on the Board's behalf when it is not in session, to make recommendations to it on all program proposals and projects, and to appraise the effectiveness of the activities of all agencies participating in the UN expanded program. ECOSOC Resolution 433 (XIV), June 11, 1952.

³ Pledges for the first 18-month period (ending December 31, 1951) amounted to $20,170,260; for the year 1952, $18,797,232; and for the year 1953, $20,863,575. By March 1953, about $1,750,000 of the pledges for 1950–52 still remained unpaid.

⁴ The regular UN budget includes $1,300,000 for “technical programs” relating to social welfare, economic development, and public administration. From two-thirds to three-fourths of the annual budgets of ILO, FAO, WHO, and UNESCO are earmarked for technical services to governments and private organizations, with a somewhat smaller proportion in the case of ICAO. Not all of these services, however, are tendered to underdeveloped countries. The technical assistance aspects of the operations of the International Bank and of the International Monetary Fund, financed out of their own revenues, are not included in the monetary estimates cited here; nor is the world-wide program of the UN International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) financed by the special voluntary contributions from governments and private sources.

⁵ These figures do not include appropriations for the relief and resettlement of Palestinian refugees, nor for US contributions to the UN and OAS multilateral technical assistance programs.

⁶ Comprising Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Indochina, Formosa and the Philippines. As of July 1, 1952, the Burma and Indonesia programs were transferred from MSA to TCA by Congressional mandate.

⁷ UN non-military aid to Latin America has been restricted to technical assistance in the narrow sense (aside of course from developmental loans from the Export-Import Bank).

⁸ For the first financial period (1950–51), only 13 percent of UN expanded program expenditures was used for equipment and supplies. See Sharp, W. R., International Technical Assistance: Programs and Organization (Chicago, 1952), p. 103Google Scholar.

⁹ For example, a group of UN experts is currently engaged in trying to develop methods of defining and measuring changes in living standards in various countries in order to facilitate international comparisons. See General Assembly Resolution 527 (VI) and ECOSOC Resolution 434 B (XIV).

¹⁰ It should be noted that until 1952 approximately 85 percent of UN expanded program funds was automatically allocated agency-wise, i.e., to the UN itself, FAO, WHO, UNESCO, ILO, and ICAO, in accordance with a predetermined scale. Automatic allotments have since been reduced to $10 million (roughly 50 percent), the entire balance being reserved for allocation by TAB “with a view to assuring the development of well-balanced and coordinated country and regional technical assistance programs.” See Sharp, , op. cit., p. 61, 105Google Scholar, for further details.

¹¹ Section 511 of the Mutual Security Act of 1951 provides that no military, economic or technical assistance shall be supplied to any nation in order to further military effort unless the recipient country, inter alia, has agreed to “take such action as may be mutually agreed upon to eliminate causes of international tension and … take all reasonable measures which may be needed to develop its defense capacities,” or that “no economic or technical assistance shall be supplied to any other nation unless the recipient country has agreed to join in promoting international understanding and good will, and maintaining world peace, and to take such action as may be mutually agreed upon to eliminate causes of international tension,” (author's italics).

¹² Department of State, Bulletin, 02 9, 1953Google Scholar.

¹³ Ibid. The proposed MSA agreement was rejected, but a year later a revised accord, providing for Point Four aid only, was worked out and accepted by the Indonesian government.

¹⁴ ibid., April 13, 1953. This decision is reported to have been motivated in part by the government's desire to reorient its own development program toward a predominantly “sterling” basis because its foreign exchange reserves are chiefly in sterling. Burma is, however, retaining the services of a number of American private companies in connection with hydroelectric, mining and industrial projects now under way. New York Time; June 14, 1953.

¹⁵ ECOSOC Resolution 222 (DC), August 15, 1949.

¹⁶ See, for example, Viner, , Jacob, , “America's Aims and the Progress of Underdeveloped Countries,” in Hoselitz, , Bert, F., ed., The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas (Chicago, 1952), p. 201Google Scholar.

¹⁷ From the inception of the UN program, tile US government has agreed to contribute a specified amount up to 60 percent of the annual pledges of all UN donor countries.

^17a The Soviet representative to ECOSOC announced on July 15, 1953, that the USSR was prepared to contribute 4,000,000 rubles ($1,000,000 at the official exchange value) to the UN program during the year 1953. New York Times, July 16, 1953.

¹⁸ US figures supplied to the author by courtesy of MSA and TCA staff officials. The figures for MSA country missions reflect the situation as of November 1952; those for UN agencies and TCA, as of the end of the year.

¹⁹ These categories are not strictly comparable, e.g., ILO also provides aid in the social security field, while TCA does little work similar to the UN's social welfare advisory services. FAO's and WHO'S domain of action, moreover, includes technical training services.

²⁰ See, in this connection, Standards and Techniques of Public Administration, a Report by a Committee of Experts to the Director-General of TAA (United Nations Publication 1951.II.B. 7)Google Scholar.

²¹ See Bertrand, , André, “The International Seminar at Rio de Janeiro on Public Administration Problems,” International Social Science Bulletin, UNESCO, Vol. V, No. 1, 1953Google Scholar.

^21a See Beckett, , Paul, , and Bent, Fredrick B., “Letters from Beirut,” Public Administration Review, Winter, 1953Google Scholar.

²² For a summary of this report, see WHO Document EB11/81, January 31, 1953. The report itself is a restricted document.

²³ The Executive Board of WHO, after listening to explanation of the situation by Mr. David Owen, the Chairman of TAB, in February 1953, authorized the Director-General of WHO to continue all projects and activities then underway and to proceed with the implementation of other projects for which staff had been employed and equipment ordered, hoping that WHO might be able to find supplementary means of financing additional items in the 1953 program. United Nations, Bulletin, 02 15, 1953Google Scholar.

²⁴ From the beginning ECA (MSA) has followed the practice of assigning “Chiefs of Mission” to all the areas where it has had field programs.

²⁵ During the last quarter of 1952 permanent resident representatives were on the job in 17 countries, including such important areas as India, pakistan, Indonesia, Burma, Iran, Libya. Turkey and the Philippines. It is planned gradually to increase the number.

²⁶ These staffs ranged in size from 20 to 30 persons for MSA missions, to as high as 56 (Burma) and 70 (Iran) among TCA missions (as to the end of 1952).

²⁷ Notably WHO, which has appointed area officers to assist in coordinating all international-lv assisted health activities in countries with large health programs now in operation. WHO has been reluctant to utilize any indirect channel of communication with national health authorities.

²⁸ There have been instances where a request would be approved by an agency without the knowledge of the resident representative, resulting in confusion and embarrassment to him in dealing subsequently with the recipient government and with the US country misson. In one case, reportedly, a resident representative worked out an acceptable agreement with a particular government only to discover that a less favorable arrangement negotiated at agency headquarters was to replace it.

²⁹ In one Asian country, where the author attended a luncheon meeting of local US and UN staffs, one could detect an attitud e of veiled condescension on the part of the large US group toward their UN confrères — not unlike a “great power versus state” psychology!

³⁰ New York Times, February 21, 1953.

³¹ Including the costs of recruiting, clearing, and briefing field experts before their departure for duty abroad.

³² The UN program involves the secretariats of eight different agencies (including the International Bank and International Monetary Fund) located in six different cities on both sides of the Atlantic, plus TAB's own staff.

³³ Indirect operational costs cover planning and technical supervision related to specific fields of activity and specific regions but not identifiable with specific projects, all costs related to the operation of briefing centers, and all equipment and supplies which are used for field operational purposes but which cannot an appropriately be charged to the costs of an individual project. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and project. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions of the UN General Assembly has suggested that efforts should be made to distribute indirect operational costs to projects, possibly on a general pro rata basis. TAB is now studying this complex question. See UN Document a/2270. November 26, 1952.

³⁴ No attempt is made to include MSA in this US–UN comparison because the overhead costs of its purely economic and technical aid operations cannot easily be segregated from the costs of managing the military and defense support phases of its over-all program, which covers NATO as well as underdeveloped countries. During the earlier stages of Point Four program development, jurisdictional confusion, as between ECA (predecessor to MSA) an TCA, gave rise to some overlapping of administrative services, and even occasional competition for personnel. Since early 1952, however, this situation has been fairly well adjusted. Now, for example, only one US agency carries on program operations in the same country.

³⁵ The foregoing comparison disregards differenres in the number of fellowships and trainee grants for study abroad under the two programs — considerably larger in the American than in the UN case. Nor does it take account of the operational complications arising from the necessity of utilizing different currencies (including non-converitible currencies) for financing UN operations.

³⁶ Under the provisions of the Mutual Security Act, as interpreted by MSA and TCA lawyers. It is possible for the US to employ foreigners by contract with private organizations, but this has rarely been done.

³⁷ The writer well remembers the impressions he got from witnessing last summer the valiant efforts of an American county agricultural agent, who knew scarcely a word of spoken French, to convey, through a native interpreter, some understanding of our farm extension service to a group of Indochinese rural leaders. One had the feeling that there was little or no real communications.

^37a In this connections, it is interesting to note that Communist Yugoslavia, which was at first hesitant to have foreign experts come into the county for extended peirods, now welcomes UN technicians in substantial numbers, and has sent to other countries several experts of it own.

³⁸ Keenleyside, H. L., “Administrative Problems of the Technical Assistance Administration,” The canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 08 1952Google Scholar.

³⁹ New York Times, January 6, 1953. Total expenditures under these private contracts have exceeded $8 million.

⁴⁰ Public Administration Service of Chicago provides continuing consultant services to MSA on public administration problems by contractual arrangement. The author of this article was engaged by PAS last summer to conduct for MSA a survey of public administration improvement possibilities in the Associates States of Indochina.

⁴¹ Department of State, Bulletin, 02 9, 1953Google Scholar.

⁴² See Secretary of State Dulles' remarks before the House Subcommittee on Appropriations, March 18, 1953.

⁴³ Report of the Economic and social Council, UN Document A/2172, p. 52.

⁴⁴ Sayre, W. S., and Thurber, C. E., Training for Specialized Mission Personnel, (Chicago, 1952), p. 17Google Scholar. This study presents a detailed description and evaluation of US Government training programs for all overseas civilian personnel except Foreign Service Officers.

⁴⁵ The writer was particularly impressed with the value of a booklet, entitled “Welcome to Thailand”, which had been prepared by the wives of MSA's mission staff to assist new arrivals.

^45a To the writer's knowledge, India, where the average person actually has less to eat today than 50 years ago, is the only country to have requested scientific advice on methods of family planning. In connection with its ambitious birth control program, which forms a part of the Five Year Development Flan, the Government of India recently asked WHO to send out a team of Western experts to advise on the setting up of an experiment to test the efficacy of the socalled “rhythm” method among the largely illiterate village population of India. A United Nations group, in cooperation with the state of Mysore in south India, has just completed an intensive survey of the effects of introducing health measures and new techniques of agriculture and manufacturing upon population trends in that area. See United Nations, Bulletin, 06 15, 1953Google Scholar. On account of religious opposition, on the other hand, the World Health Assembly of 1952 deferred action on a proposal to create an expert committee to study the medico-social aspects of population growth generally, Chronicle of the World Health Organization, vol. 6, no. 7–8, 08 1952Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ On account of complaints from certain governments that they had found the burden of providing all these local costs too great a strain on their resources, ECOSOC recently decided that they need not have to cover lodging or local travel in cases where they were furnishing extensive local personnel and other facilities.

⁴⁷ Department of State, Bulletin, 06 1, 1953Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ See Lepawsky, A., “The Bolivian Operation,” International Conciliation, 03 1952Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Recipient governments, however, are required by all UN/TA agreements to “give publicity to the program within their countries”.

⁵⁰ The problem of reviewing and processing field reports is a formidable one. TAA anticipated receiving some 2,600 such reports during the year 1952. See Keenleyside, op. cit.

⁵¹ See his suggestive article on “Technical Assistance: The Problem of Implementation”, Public Administration Review, Autumn, 1952Google Scholar.

⁵² New York Times, January 22, 1953. In addition, over 400 persons from Far Eastern countries have held trainee grants under MSA's technical training program. Project News, MSA Report No. 11, December 1952.

⁵³ Quotation from the UN Secretary-General's report on progress of the UN technical assistance program, United Nations, Bulletin, 06 1, 1953Google Scholar. The US Government uses Puerto Rico as a training center for large numbers of its own foreign fellows, particularly Latin Americans, so that they may study at first hand the impressive results of that island's economic development program. UN agency fellows have also used Puerto Rico as a study center.

⁵⁴ Bingham, Jonathan B., “The Road Ahead for Point Four”, New York Times Magazine, 05 10, 1953Google Scholar.

^54a Since these lines were written, Congress, disregarding the recommendations of the Eisen hower administration, has reduced the 1953–54 appropriation for the bilateral Point Four program from $140 to $118 million. while cutting at the same time the US contribution to multilateral TA programs (UN and OAS) from $13.7 to $9.5 million. The news of this action was reportedly received with consternation in ECOSOC. Then meeting at Geneva New York Times, July 23, 1953.

⁵⁵ sec. 404.

⁵⁶ The amount of the US annual contribution has remained unchanged, but total Congressional approxiations for economic and technical aid to foreign countries have more tyhan doubled since the fiscal year 1951.

⁵⁷ Note, in this connection, the reported desire of the Indian Government that the Eisenhower Administrtion should assume a moral commitment “to keep urging Congress in the next three years to underwrite part of India's five-year plan on which Indians are banking as an antidote to communism.” New York Times, May 22, 1953.

⁵⁸ Department of State, Bulletin, 05 11, 1953Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ Statement by Isador Lubin before the Second Committee of the UN General Assembly, October 30, 1952.

⁶⁰ Bingham, , op cit. During 1952Google Scholar the International Bank's loans totalled only $227 million — the largest amount lent in any one year so far.

⁶¹ See, for a summary of these proposals, the Memorandum by the Secretary-General on the “Economic Development of Undeideveloped Countries.” UN Document A/2152, September 19 1952.

⁶² Statement by Isador Lubin before ECOSOC on June 23, 1952.

⁶³ As suggested by President Eisenhower in his foreign policy address of April 16, 1953.