Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T23:16:22.888Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cooperation by Treaty: The Role of Multilateral Powers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2016

Karolina M. Milewicz  and
Duncan Snidal
Get access

Abstract

Who supports multilateral treaties and who does not? We offer a systematic account of treaty ratification patterns paying particular attention to different states' roles in international legal cooperation in relation to the United States' ratification behavior. States' ability to influence the terms of treaties and their acceptance increases their incentives for treaty ratification. Multilateral powers—states that are powerful and independent from the United States—support multilateral legal cooperation because it offers them an opportunity to shape treaty content. Their engagement in multilateral treaties is strongest when the United States does not lead. States that are weak and/or dependent cannot greatly affect treaties and are therefore less supportive of them but are subject to US pressure. An empirical analysis of states' decisions to ratify prominent postwar multilateral treaties covering a wide range of global issues supports our argument.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 70 , Issue 4 , Fall 2016 , pp. 823 - 844
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achen, Christopher H. 2002. Toward a New Political Methodology: Microfoundations and ART. Annual Review of Political Science 5:423–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the International Criminal Court. 2008. A Campaign for US Immunity from the ICC. Available at <http://www.amicc.org/usicc/biacampaign>. Accessed 13 April 2016..+Accessed+13+April+2016.>Google Scholar
Andersen, Per K., and Gill, Richard D.. 1982. Cox's Regression Model for Counting Processes: A Large Sample Study. Annals of Statistics 10 (4):1100–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbieri, Katherine. 1996. Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or a Source of International Conflict? Journal of Peace Research 33 (1):29–49.Google Scholar
Bernauer, Thomas, Kalbhenn, Anna, Koubi, Vally, and Spilker, Gabriele. 2010. A Comparison of International and Domestic Sources of Global Governance Dynamics. British Journal of Political Science 40 (3):509–38.Google Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Jones, Bradford S.. 2004. Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Zorn, Christopher. 2002. Duration Models for Repeated Events. Journal of Politics 64 (4):1069–94.Google Scholar
Brooks, Stephen G., and Wohlforth, William C.. 2008. World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Stephen G., and Wohlforth, William C.. 2015/2016. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-First Century. International Security 40 (3):7–53.Google Scholar
Byers, Michael, and Nolte, Georg, eds. 2003. United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Caporaso, James A. 1992. International Relations Theory and Multilateralism: The Search for Foundations. International Organization 46 (3):599–632.Google Scholar
Chayes, Antonia. 2008. How American Treaty Behavior Threatens National Security. International Security 33 (1):45–81.Google Scholar
Cohen, Benjamin I. 2015. Currency Power: Understanding Monetary Rivalry. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Correlates of War Project. 2005. National Material Capabilities, Version 3.02. Available at <http://www.correlatesofwar.org/>. Accessed 13 April 2016..+Accessed+13+April+2016.>Google Scholar
Downs, George W., Rocke, David M., and Barsoom, Peter N.. 1996. Is the Good News About Compliance Good News About Cooperation? International Organization 50 (3):379–406.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization 52 (4):887–917.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Paul D., and Meijer, Erik. 2005. Time Series Factor Analysis with an Application to Measuring Money. Research Report No. 05F10. SOM Research School, University of Groningens. Available at <http://som.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/reports/themeF/2005/05F10/>. Accessed 13 April 2016..+Accessed+13+April+2016.>Google Scholar
Gilpin, Robert. 2011. Global Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Goodliffe, Jay, and Hawkins, Darren G.. 2006. Explaining Commitment: States and the Convention Against Torture. Journal of Politics 68 (2):358–71.Google Scholar
Haftel, Yoram Z., and Thompson, Alexander. 2013. Delayed Ratification: The Domestic Fate of Bilateral Investment Treaties. International Organization 67 (2):355–87.Google Scholar
Hathaway, Oona A. 2008. Treaties’ End: The Past, Present, and Future of International Lawmaking in the United States. Yale Law Journal 117 (7):1236–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. 1945. National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John. 2000. After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John, and Kupchan, Charles A.. 1990. Socialization and Hegemonic Power. International Organization 44 (3):283–315.Google Scholar
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. 2005. The Treaty Database. US Compliance with Global Treaties. Available at <http://www.iatp.org/files/451_2_60426.pdf>. Accessed 13 April 2016..+Accessed+13+April+2016.>Google Scholar
Kagan, Robert. 2003. Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Kahler, Miles. 1992. Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers. International Organization 46 (3):681–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaul, Inge, Conceição, Pedro, Le Goulven, Katell, and Mendoza, Ronald U., eds. 2003. Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kelley, Judith. 2007. Who Keeps International Commitments and Why? The International Criminal Court and Bilateral Nonsurrender Agreements. American Political Science Review 101 (3):573–59.Google Scholar
Kelley, Judith G., and Pevehouse, Jon C.W.. 2015. An Opportunity Cost Theory of US Treaty Behavior. International Studies Quarterly. 59 (3):531–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., and Nye, Joseph S.. 1977. Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles. 1973. The World in Depression, 1929–1939. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kirshner, Jonathan. 2003. States, Markets, and Great Power Relations in the Pacific: Some Realist Expectations. In International Relations Theory and the Asia Pacific, edited by Ikenberry, John G. and Mastanduno, Michael, 273–98. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, John P., and Moeschberger, Melvin L.. 2003. Survival Analysis: Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Lönnroth, Juhani. 1991. The International Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in the Context of International Migration Policies: An Analysis of Ten Years of Negotiation. International Migration Review 25 (4):710–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Yonatan. 2016. Why Do States Join Some Universal Treaties but Not Others? An Analysis of Treaty Commitment Preferences. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 60 (7):1219–50.Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G., and Jaggers, Keith. 2007. Polity IV Project. Political Regime Characteristics, and Transitions. Available at <http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm>. Accessed 13 April 2016..+Accessed+13+April+2016.>Google Scholar
Martin, Lisa L. 1992. Interests, Power, and Multilateralism. International Organization 46 (4):765–92.Google Scholar
Milewicz, Karolina. 2009. Premises and Promises of International Law: An Empirical Analysis of Treaty Commitment (1945–2007) . PhD diss., University of Bern, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Milewicz, Karolina, and Elsig, Manfred. 2014. The Hidden World of Multilateralism? Treaty Commitments of Newly Democratized States in Europe. International Studies Quarterly 58 (2):322–35.Google Scholar
Monteiro, Nuno P. 2014. Theory of Unipolar Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 2000. The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe. International Organization 54 (2):217–52.Google Scholar
Neumayer, Eric. 2002. Do Democracies Exhibit Stronger International Environmental Commitment? A Cross-Country Analysis. Journal of Peace Research 39 (2):139–64.Google Scholar
Norrlof, Carla. 2010. America's Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pollack, Mark A. 2015. Who Supports International Law, and Why? The United States, the European Union, and the International Legal Order. International Journal of Constitutional Law 13 (4):873–900.Google Scholar
Rubenfeld, Jed. 2004. Commentary: Unilateralism and Constitutionalism. New York University Law Review 79 (6):1971–2028.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1992. Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution. International Organization 46 (3):561–98.Google Scholar
Schelling, Thomas C. 1978. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Scott, Shirley V. 2004. International Law in World Politics: An Introduction. London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Scott, Shirley V. 2012. International Law, US Power: The United States' Quest for Legal Security. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth A. 2000. The Legalization of International Monetary Affairs. International Organization 54 (3):573–602.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth A. 2009. Mobilizing for Human Rights. International Law in Domestic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Snidal, Duncan. 1985. The Limits of Hegemonic Stability Theory. International Organization 39 (4):579–614.Google Scholar
Stone, Randall W. 2011. Controlling Institutions: International Organizations and the Global Economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tableman, Mara, and Kim, Jong Sung. 2004. Survival Analysis Using S. Analysis of Time-to-Event Data. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Therneau, Terry M., and Grambsch, Patricia M.. 2000. Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model. New York: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. 1969. United Nations, Treaty Series 1155: 331–512. Available at <https://treaties.un.org/pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=080000028003902f>. Accessed 10 February 2016..+Accessed+10+February+2016.>Google Scholar
von Stein, Jana. 2008. The International Law and Politics of Climate Change: Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. Journal of Conflict Resolution 52 (2):243–68.Google Scholar
Vreeland, James R. 2003. Why Do Governments and the IMF Enter into Agreements? Statistically Selected Cases. International Political Science Review 24 (3):321–43.Google Scholar
Vreeland, James R. 2008. Political Institutions and Human Rights: Why Dictatorships Enter into the United Nations Convention Against Torture. International Organization 62 (1):65–101.Google Scholar
Wood, Simon N. 2006. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. London: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2007. World Development Indicators (WDI) 2007. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Milewicz and Snidal supplementary material

Appendix

Download Milewicz and Snidal supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 335.7 KB