Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T02:12:21.777Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Impact of Holy Land Crusades on State Formation: War Mobilization, Trade Integration, and Political Development in Medieval Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2016

Lisa Blaydes  and
Christopher Paik
Get access

Abstract

Holy Land Crusades were among the most significant forms of military mobilization to occur during the medieval period. Crusader mobilization had important implications for European state formation. We find that areas with large numbers of Holy Land crusaders witnessed increased political stability and institutional development as well as greater urbanization associated with rising trade and capital accumulation, even after taking into account underlying levels of religiosity and economic development. Our findings contribute to a scholarly debate regarding when the essential elements of the modern state first began to appear. Although our causal mechanisms—which focus on the importance of war preparation and urban capital accumulation—resemble those emphasized by previous research, we date the point of critical transition to statehood centuries earlier, in line with scholars who emphasize the medieval origins of the modern state. We also point to one avenue by which the rise of Muslim military and political power may have affected European institutional development.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 70 , Issue 3 , Summer 2016 , pp. 551 - 586
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Lughod, Janet. 1989. Before European Hegemony: The World System AD 1250–1350. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James. 2005. The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth. American Economic Review 95 (3):546–79.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. New York: Crown Business.Google Scholar
Ames, Edward, and Rapp, Richard. 1977. The Birth and Death of Taxes: A Hypothesis. Journal of Economic History 37 (1):161–78.Google Scholar
Andrea, Alfred. 2003. Encyclopedia of the Crusades. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Bairoch, Paul, Batou, Jean, and Chevre, Pierre. 1988. The Population of European Cities: Data Bank and Short Summary of Results, 800–1850. Geneva: Droz.Google Scholar
Blaszczynski, J.S. 1997. Landform Characterization with Geographic Information Systems. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 63 (2):183–91.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa, and Chaney, Eric. 2013. The Feudal Revolution and Europe's Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World Before 1500 CE. American Political Science Review 107 (1):16–34.Google Scholar
Blockmans, Wim. 1994. Voracious States and Obstructing Cities: An Aspect of State Formation in Preindustrial Europe. In Cities and the Rise of States in Europe, AD 1000 to 1800, edited by Tilly, Charles and Blockmans, Wim, 218–50. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Branch, Jordan. 2011. Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change. International Organization 65 (1):1–36.Google Scholar
Brundage, James. 1969. Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Bull, Marcus. 2002. The Roots of Lay Enthusiasm for the First Crusade. In The Crusades: The Essential Readings, edited by Madden, Thomas, 172–93. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Burke, Victor Lee. 1997. The Clash of Civilizations: War-Making and State Formation in Europe. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Cazel, Fred. 1989. Financing the Crusades. In The History of the Crusades . Vol. 6, The Impact of the Crusades on Europe, edited by Hazard, Harry and Zacour, Norman, 116–49. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Constable, Giles. 1982. The Financing of the Crusades in the Twelfth Century. In Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem Presented to Joshua Prawer, Vol. 3, edited by Kedar, Benjamin, Mayer, Hans, and Smail, Raimund, 64–88. Jerusalem: Outremer.Google Scholar
Constable, Giles. 2002. Medieval Charters as a Source for the History of the Crusades. In The Crusades: The Essential Readings, edited by Madden, Thomas, 129–53. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
DeLong, Brad, and Shleifer, Andre. 1993. Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution. Journal of Law and Economics 36 (2):671–702.Google Scholar
Dilcher, Gerhard. 1997. The Urban Belt and the Emerging Modern State. In Resistance, Representation and Community, edited by Blickle, Peter, 217–55. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dincecco, Mark. 2011. Political Transformations and Public Finances: Europe, 1650–1913. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dincecco, Mark, and Onorato, Massimiliano. 2015. Military Conflict and the Rise of Urban Europe. Working paper.Google Scholar
Edbury, Peter. 2000. Christians and Muslims in the Eastern Mediterranean. In New Cambridge Medieval History, edited by Jones, Michael, 864–84. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fioretos, Orfeo. 2011. Historical Institutionalism in International Relations. International Organization 65 (2):367–99.Google Scholar
Fischer, Markus. 1992. Feudal Europe, 800–1300: Communal Discourse and Conflictual Practices. International Organization 46 (2):427–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frieden, Jeffry, Lake, David, and Schultz, Kenneth. 2012. World Politics: Interests, Interactions, Institutions. 2nd ed. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Gourevitch, Peter. 1978. The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics. International Organization 32 (4):881–912.Google Scholar
Hall, Rodney Bruce, and Kratochwil, Friedrich V.. 1993. Medieval Tales: Neorealist “Science” and the Abuse of History. International Organization 47 (3):479–91.Google Scholar
Harriss, G.L. 1975. King, Parliament and Public Finance in Medieval England to 1369. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Isaacs, Ann Katherine, and Prak, Maarten. 1996. Cities, Bourgeoisies and States. In Power Elites and State Building, edited by Reinhard, Wolfgang, 207–35. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Iyigun, Murat. 2008. Luther and Suleyman. Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 (4):1465–94.Google Scholar
Iyigun, Murat. 2013. Lessons from the Ottoman Harem: On Ethnicity, Religion and War. Economic Development and Cultural Change 61 (4):693–730.Google Scholar
Karaman, Kivanç, and Pamuk, Şevket. 2013. Different Paths to the Modern State in Europe: The Interaction Between Warfare, Economic Structure, and Political Regime. American Political Science Review 107 (3):603–26.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 1995. Compromising Westphalia. International Security 20 (3):115–51.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 1999. Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lake, David. 2003. The New Sovereignty in International Relations. International Studies Review 5:303–23.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret. 2002. The State of the Study of the State. In Political Science: The State of the Discipline, edited by Katznelson, Ira and Milner, Helen, 33–55. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Madden, Thomas. 2002. The Crusades: The Essential Readings. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Michalopoulos, Stelios. 2012. The Origins of Ethnolinguistic Diversity. American Economic Review 102 (4):1508–39.Google Scholar
Murray, Alan. 2000. The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History. Oxford, UK: Prosopographica et Genealogica.Google Scholar
North, Douglass, and Thomas, Robert Paul. 1973. The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, Douglass, and Weingast, Barry. 1989. Constitutions and Commitment: the Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England. Journal of Economic History 49 (4):803–32.Google Scholar
North, Douglass, Wallis, John Joseph, and Weingast, Barry. 2009. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nunn, Nathan, and Puga, Diego. 2012. Ruggedness: The Blessings of Bad Geography in Africa. Review of Economics and Statistics 94 (1):20–36.Google Scholar
Nussli, Christos. 2011. Digital Historical Cartography of Europe. Available at <http://www.euratlas.com/about.html>. Accessed 4 March 2016..+Accessed+4+March+2016.>Google Scholar
Osiander, Andreas. 2008. Before the State: Systemic Political Change in the West from the Greeks to the French Revolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. 2001. Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Poggi, Gianfranco. 1978. The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Perspective. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Riley, S.J., DeGloria, S.D., and Elliot, R.. 1999. A Terrain Ruggedness Index That Quantifies Topographic Heterogeneity. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 5:1–4.Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 1997. The First Crusaders: 1095–1131. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 2002a. Early Crusaders to the East and the Costs of Crusading, 1095–1130. In The Crusades: The Essential Readings, edited by Madden, Thomas, 155–71. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 2002b. Crusading as an Act of Love. In The Crusades: The Essential Readings, edited by Madden, Thomas. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Riley-Smith, Jonathan. 2009. What Were the Crusades? 4th ed. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1983. Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis. International Organization 47 (1):139–74.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1993. Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations. World Politics 35 (2):261–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz, Teofilo. 2007. Spain's Centuries of Crisis: 1300–1474. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Runciman, Steven. 1987. Byzantine Trade and Industry. In Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire, edited by Miller, Edward, Postan, Cynthia, and Postan, M.M., 132–67. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Spruyt, Hendrik. 1994a. The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems of Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Spruyt, Hendrik. 1994b. Institutional Selection in International Relations: State Anarchy as Order. International Organization 48 (4):527–57.Google Scholar
Spruyt, Hendrik. 2002. The Origins, Development and Possible Decline of the Modern State. Annual Review of Political Science 5:127–149.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. 2010. When Distance Mattered: Geographic Scale and the Development of European Representative Assemblies. American Political Science Review 104 (4):625–43.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. 2014. Was Weber Right? The Role of Urban Autonomy in Europe's Rise. American Political Science Review 108 (2):337–54.Google Scholar
Strayer, Joseph. 1970. On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1992. Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1992. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1994. Entanglements of European Cities and States. In Cities and the Rise of States in Europe, AD 1000 to 1800, edited by Tilly, Charles and Blockmans, Wim, 1–27. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Tyerman, Christopher. 1988. England and the Crusades, 1095–1588. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tyerman, Christopher. 2002. Were There Any Crusades in the Twelfth Century? In The Crusades: The Essential Readings, edited by Madden, Thomas, 99–125. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Van Zanden, Jan Luiten, Buringh, Eltjo, and Bosker, Maarten. 2012. The Rise and Decline of European Parliaments, 1188–1789. Economic History Review 65 (3):835–61.Google Scholar
Wolfe, Martin. 1972. The Fiscal System of Renaissance France. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Blaydes and Paik supplementary material

Blaydes and Paik supplementary material

Download Blaydes and Paik supplementary material(File)
File 405.8 KB