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The Attempt to Terminate Colonialism: Acceptance of the United Nations Trusteeship System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

Ernst B. Haas
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Extract

To the contemporary liberal humanitarian the acceptance of the League Mandate System by the world's chief colonial powers signified the advent of a New Deal for dependent areas in which the older and baser motives of empire were defeated even if not completely eliminated. To the con-temporary mind impressed with the prevalence of power politics, how-ever, the acceptance of the Mandate System signified nothing of the kind. It merely represented a new form of compromise between clashing imperial powers who sought to remove one source of friction by recourse to “internationalization”

Type
Articles
Information
International Organization , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , February 1953 , pp. 1 - 21
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1953

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References

1 See, e.g., Hall, H. Duncan, Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship (Washington, 1948Google Scholar) in which the power political interpretation of the acceptance of both the Mandate and Trusteeship Systems is used.

2 These points are elaborated in some detail in my article “The Reconciliation of Conflicting Colonial Policy Aims: Acceptance of the League of Nations Mandate System”, International Organization, Vol. VI, no. 4.

3 Commission to Study the Organization of peace, Preliminary Report and Monographs, in International Conciliation, No. 369 04 1941, p. 201, p. 519Google Scholar. Also National Conference of Peace, Preliminary Report and Monographs, in Christians and Jews, Uncio Memos, No. 3, 05 16, 1945Google Scholar.

4 Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation, 1939–1945, Department of State, Publication 3580 (Washington, 1950), hereafter cited as Notter, , P. 109Google Scholar.

5 Ibid., p. 110. Hull, Cordell, Memoirs (New York, 1948), vol. II, p. 1598–1599Google Scholar.

6 Notter, , op. cit., p. 470–472Google Scholar. Hull, , op. cit., p. 1236–1237Google Scholar.

7 Hull, , op. cit., p. 1304, p. 1596–1597Google Scholar. Forrestal, James V., Diaries (New York, 1951), p. 56Google Scholar.

8 Hull, , op. cit., p. 1599–1600, 1638–1639Google Scholar.

9 Ibid., p. 1466. Notter, , op. cit., p. 387Google Scholar. Forrestal, , op. cit., p. 33Google Scholar. Also see Blakeslee, George H., “Japan's Mandated Islands,” Department of State, Bulletin, 12 17, 1944, p. 764Google Scholar, in which the strategic value of the islands is expounded, Huntington Gilchrist, in Foreign Affairs, 1943–1944, demanding and American trusteeship over the Islands for security reasons.

10 Notter, , op. cit., p. 481–482Google Scholar.

11 Notter, , op. cit., p. 245, p. 606Google Scholar.

12 Forrestal, , op. cit., p. 8Google Scholar. Hull, , op. cit., p. 1706–1707Google Scholar.

13 Forrestal, , op. cit., p. 36Google Scholar.

14 Ibid., p. 28, p. 37–38.

15 National Conference of Christians and Jews, Uncio Memos, No. 2, 05 9, 1945Google Scholar.

16 Notter, , op. cit., p. 387–390, 662–663Google Scholar.

17 Ibid., p. 428–434, Forrestal, , op. cit., p. 44–45Google Scholar.

18 The voluntary nature of the System was clearly expressed by Leo Pasvolsky in his testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. See The Charter of the United Nations, Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, 1945), p. 316Google Scholar. The United States stand is described in United Nations Conference on International Organitaion, Documents, vol. X (London and New York, 1945), hereafter cited as UNCIO. See especially Documents 310, p. 439–440; 552, p. 477–478; 877, p. 513–514; 1018, p. 543–544; and Annex C. of Document 1091, p. 620Google Scholar.

19 Hearings, , op. cit., Letter to the Committee, 07 9, 1945, p. 313–314Google Scholar.

20 Ibid., p. 314–316.

21 Hull, , op. cit., p. 1599Google Scholar.

22 UNCIO, op. cit., Documents 230, p. 641–655; 241, p. 428–429; 1018, p. 543Google Scholar. Evatt, Herbert V., Australia in World Affairs (Sydney, 1946), p. 28–30, 50, 111–112, 133, 166, 184. Also see Evatt's contribution toGoogle ScholarPanikkar, K. M. (ed.), Regionalism. and Security (New Delhi, 1948)Google Scholar.

23 National Conference of Christians and Jews, Uncio Memos, No. 3, 05 16, 1945Google Scholar.

24 UNCIO, op. cit., Documents 364, p. 446–447; 404, p. 452–454; 448, p. 459–460; 512, p. 468–470; 552, p. 475–478; 580, p. 485–488; 712, p. 496–500; 735, p. 506–507; 877, p. 513–518; 1018, p. 543–544Google Scholar.

25 Notter, , op. cit., p. 660–661Google Scholar. Hull, , op. cit., p. 1304–1305Google Scholar. UNCIO, op. cit., Documents 241, p. 428Google Scholar; 310, p. 441; 404, p. 453; 230, p. 641–655.

26 Byrnes, James F., Speaking Frankly (New York, 1947), p. 76–77, 92–96Google Scholar. Zhukov, E., writing in New Times, No. 14, 1945Google Scholar, claims that Soviet policy was motivated by the desire immediately to end colonial imperialism and to acquire a strategic trust area.

27 Party, Labor, Report of the 43rd Annual Conference, 1944, p. 9Google Scholar, and Report of the 42nd Annual Conference, 1943, p. 4, p. 207–208.

28 UNCIO, op. cit., Document 230, p. 641–655 260, p. 434; and Annex D to Document 1115, p. 622Google Scholar.

29 Ibid., Document 260, p. 434; 310, p. 439.

30 Ibid., Document 260, p. 433–434; 1090, p. 561–562.

31 Hull, , op. cit., p. 1237–1238Google Scholar.

32 UNCIO, op. cit., Document 310, p. 440Google Scholar; 230, p. 641–655.

33 Notter, , op. cit., p. 662–663Google Scholar.

34 Hansard, vol. 413, 08 23, 1945, col. 667–669, 703–704, 929–935, 940Google Scholar.

35 Carr, E. H., The Twenty Years Crisis (London, 1948)Google Scholar.