State immunity — Head of foreign State — Immunities — Dignity of Head of State — Third party to litigation — Whether Head of foreign State entitled to anonymity — Immunity ratione personae — Whether functional immunity — Obligation to prevent attack on dignity of Head of State — Nature and content of obligation — Comity — Principle of free speech — Whether Head of State entitled to further redaction of judgments — Whether identification of Head of State in judgments breaching United Kingdom international obligations — Section 20 of the State Immunity Act 1978 — Application — Article 29 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964

Human rights — Freedom of speech — Fair trial — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 6 — Presumption in favour of open justice — Whether duty to protect dignity of foreign Head of State justifying departure from presumption — The law of England

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic protection — Whether Government required to make representations to foreign State — Whether duty to intervene with foreign State in case of torture — Whether diplomatic protection extending to refugees and other non-nationals — International Law Commission Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection, 2006 — Whether reflecting current international law — Right of one Party to the Refugee Convention to make representations to another Party

Human rights — Torture — Jus cogens nature of prohibition of torture — Erga omnes obligation — Whether requiring State to intervene with other State accused of torture — Family life — Rights of relatives in the United Kingdom of detainees held at Guantanamo Bay by the United States — Whether giving rise to duty for United Kingdom to make representations to the United States

Human rights — Discrimination — Race discrimination — Distinction between nationals and non-nationals — Exercise of diplomatic protection — Whether objective difference between national and non-national in this context — Refusal to make same representations on behalf of non-national granted asylum as had been made on behalf of national in otherwise similar circumstances — Whether discriminatory

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Whether justiciable in municipal court — The law of England

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Judgment of International Court of Justice — Whether giving rise to rights and obligations enforceable in national courts — Judgment of the International Court of Justice regarding the right to consular access in death penalty cases — United States found to have violated Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 — International Court determining that United States was required to give effect to judgment — Whether applicable in courts of Texas and of the United States — Presidential Memorandum on giving effect to judgment of the International Court of Justice — Whether President entitled to override Texas law

Treaties — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations — Right of access to consul for arrested person — Judgment of International Court of Justice in Avena case — Domestic enforceability of judgment

International Court of Justice — Judgment — Binding quality — Duty of States to comply with judgment of International Court of Justice — Whether judgment self-executing within United States legal system

Human rights — Right to life — Death penalty — Judgment of International Court of Justice in Avena — The law of the United States