Territory — Sovereignty — Whether Qatar or Bahrain having sovereignty over Zubarah — Relevance of conventions — 1868 Agreement — Unratified Anglo-Ottoman Convention, 1913, Article 11 — Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, 1914, Article III — Whether Bahrain in position to engage in direct acts of authority — Whether Sheikh of Qatar having authority to tax Naim tribe in 1937 — Whether Great Britain regarding Zubarah as belonging to Bahrain

Territory — Sovereignty — Whether Qatar or Bahrain having sovereignty over Hawar Islands — Nature of 1939 British decision — Legal effect — Whether constituting arbitral award — Whether Court having jurisdiction to decide dispute on 1939 British decision — Whether British Government having jurisdiction to decide Hawar Islands question — Validity of 1939 British decision — Whether binding on Parties

Territory — Sovereignty — Whether Qatar or Bahrain having sovereignty over Janan Island including Hadd Janan — Effects of 1939 British decision — Whether Janan Island part of Hawar Islands — 1936, 1937, 1938 and 1946 lists submitted by Bahrain to British Government — 1947 letters from British Government to Rulers of Qatar and Bahrain — Relevance

Sea — Maritime delimitation — Parties requesting Court to draw single maritime boundary in accordance with international law — Applicable law — Customary international law — Delimitation of territorial seas of Parties — Article 15 of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Drawing of provisional equidistance line — Relevant baselines — Relevant coasts — Sovereignty over islands — Relevance of low-tide elevations — Applicable rules for determination of baselines — Equidistance/special circumstances rule — Whether any special circumstances making adjustment of provisional equidistance line necessary — Delimitation of continental shelves and exclusive economic zones of Parties — Applicable law — Drawing of provisional equidistance line — Equitable principles/relevant circumstances rule — Whether any circumstances making adjustment of provisional equidistance line necessary — Course of single maritime boundary

Sea — Continental shelf — Exclusive economic zone — Contemporary international law — UNCLOS Articles 74 and 83 — Legal basis on which title to maritime territories based — Maritime boundaries — Single maritime boundary — Legal principles applicable to delimitation — Equidistance — Relevant circumstances — Geographical prolongation — Regional considerations — Treaties with third States — Conduct — Fisheries — Method of adjustment of initial equidistance line

Sea — Continental shelf — Outer continental shelf — Whether claim by State to continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles relevant to boundary within 200 nautical miles — Claim by State to outer continental shelf overlapping with neighbouring State’s claim to exclusive economic zone

Sea — Fisheries — Historic fishing rights — Proof — Whether historic rights established — Whether historic rights relevant to location of single maritime boundary — Regime of access to fish in waters of neighbouring State

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Law of the sea — UNCLOS Part XV and Annex VII — Dispute settlement mechanism — Arbitration as default choice — Jurisdiction — Fisheries — Outer continental shelf

Treaties — Unilateral commitments — Statement made by agent of State before international tribunal — Whether creating binding legal obligation for State

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Law of the sea — UNCLOS Part XV and Annex VII — Dispute settlement mechanism — Arbitration as default choice — Jurisdiction — Claims relating to State responsibility for use of force — Whether arbitration tribunal possessing jurisdiction to apply Charter of the United Nations and general international law

Sea — Continental shelf — Exclusive economic zone — Contemporary international law — UNCLOS Articles 74 and 83 — Legal basis on which title to maritime territories based — Maritime boundaries — Single maritime boundary — Legal principles applicable to delimitation — Equidistance — Relevant circumstances — Conduct

Sea — Territorial sea — UNCLOS Article 15 — Special circumstances justifying departure from the median line — Equitable principles — Practice of the Parties — Navigation — Effect of one coastal State’s sovereignty over the whole of river dividing territory

Sea — Disputes — Duties of States party to dispute over maritime boundary — UNCLOS Articles 74(3) and 83(3) — Duty to make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature — Duty to make every effort not to jeopardize or hinder the reaching of a final agreement

War and armed conflict — Force — Use or threat of force — Charter of the United Nations — General international law — Nature of threat to use force — Distinction between military action and law enforcement — Countermeasures