State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Application — Non-commercial tort exception — Whether applicable — Entire tort rule — Attribution — Whether defendants immune from suit for damages and losses resulting from terrorist attack

Terrorism — Terrorist attack in United States on September 11, 2001 — Plaintiffs incurring damages and losses — Whether defendants immune from suit — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether non-commercial tort exception applicable — The law of the United States

State immunity — Jurisdiction — Procedure — Service on foreign State — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Service on ministry of foreign affairs — Whether service on ministry of foreign affairs must be mailed to foreign State — Interpretation — Service via embassy of foreign State

Terrorism — Attachment to sanctions-controlled assets — Whether judgment holders under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act must receive licence from Office of Foreign Assets Control before distribution of assets — Interpretation

Diplomatic relations — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Whether service of process via Embassy violating inviolability of premises — Interpretation of Department of Justice Statement of Interest — The law of the United States