Human rights — Right to respect for private life — Participation in political activities — Whether applicant’s removal from elected office affecting aspects of his private life — Whether Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 applicable — Territorial scope of application of Convention — Overseas territories — Admissibility of application

Comity — Act of State doctrine — Judicial acts of foreign State acting within its territory — Whether lawful — Whether subject to adjudication by English courts — Relevance of cogent evidence and argument — Role of proper respect

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State doctrine — Whether courts of one State barred from sitting in judgment on acts of a foreign State — Whether doctrine applicable to foreign court decisions

State immunity — Act of State doctrine — Limitations on act of State doctrine — Russian courts setting aside Russian arbitral awards — Whether due to interference by Russian State — Whether judicial acts of State for purposes of act of State doctrine — Judicial standards and duty of courts to adhere to rule of law — Issue estoppel — Dutch court setting aside Russian arbitral awards — Relevance — Differing meanings and standards of “public order” across States — Whether arbitral awards enforceable in England — The law of England

Jurisdiction — Justiciability — Agency of United Kingdom providing locational intelligence to United States authorities for use in drone strikes — UK Agency under responsibility of Secretary of State — Claimant seeking declaration that UK Agency employees might be guilty of assisting or encouraging crime under English law or ancillary to war crime and/or crime against humanity — Whether claimant effectively seeking advisory opinion — Whether issues justiciable — Whether declaratory relief entailing condemnation of United States activities — Whether United Kingdom sitting in judgment on acts of a foreign State — Whether any exceptional circumstances

Governments — United Kingdom Government — United States Government — Conduct and responsibilities of United Kingdom Agency, General Communications Headquarters — United States Central Intelligence Agency — UK Agency under responsibility of Secretary of State — Claimant requesting clarification of UK policies and practices concerning provision of locational intelligence to US agents for potential use in drone attacks — UK policy to “neither confirm nor deny” matters where disclosure could compromise national interests — Claimant seeking permission to apply for judicial review of Secretary of State’s “decision” to provide intelligence for use in drone strikes

International criminal law — Terrorism — Counter-terrorism measures — Drone strikes — Locational intelligence sharing — Defence of combatant immunity — Relevance — Principal and secondary criminal liability — Whether UK Agency employees might be guilty of assisting or encouraging crime under English law or ancillary to war crime and/or crime against humanity — Serious Crime Act 2007 — International Criminal Court Act 2001

War and armed conflict — Drone strikes in Pakistan killing civilians — United Kingdom providing locational intelligence to United States for potential use in drone strikes — Claimant seeking judicial review of decision to provide intelligence — National security concerns — The law of England

Human rights — Right to liberty and security — Individuals detained by British troops in Iraq — British troops part of Multinational Force under United Nations Security Council Resolutions — Whether rights of individuals under European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 breached — Whether obligations under United Nations Security Council Resolutions overriding rights under European Convention — United Nations Charter, 1945, Article 103 — Human Rights Act 1998

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — United Nations Charter, 1945, Article 103 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5 — United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 — United Nations Security Council Resolution 1511 — Coalition Provisional Authority — Coalition Provisional Authority Regulation 1 — Legal effect of Security Council Resolutions — Whether defendant having duty to detain individuals for security reasons — Whether any duty overriding defendant’s obligations under Article 5 of European Convention — Human Rights Act 1998, Schedule 1

War and armed conflict — Occupation — Iraq — Detention of Iraqi civilians during occupation — Whether unlawful — Whether contrary to Article 5 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether duty to detain Iraqi civilians under United Nations Security Council Resolutions — Whether duty overriding obligation under Article 5 of European Convention

Claims — Jurisdiction — Law of the forum — Whether governing assessment of damages — Procedural and substantive law — State responsibility — Occupation of Iraq — Unlawful detention — Ill-treatment — Claims in tort — Human rights — Damages — Aggravated damages — Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995 — The law of England