Territory — Boundaries — Principles of delimitation — Dispute between States formerly part of the same colonial empire — Principle of uti possidetis juris — Establishment of boundaries between administrative units of former colonial empire — Critical date — Relevance of acts of administration following independence — Cartographic evidence — Significance — Equitable considerations — Equity infra legem — Estoppel — Acquiescence in existing boundary — Statements accepting proposed boundary — Legal effects

Territory — Self-determination — Nature of right to self-determination — When right exercised — Decolonization — Principle of uti possidetis juris

State succession — Territory — Units of former colonial empire becoming independent States — Succession to administrative boundaries of former colonies — Principle of uti possidetis juris — Acceptance of boundaries by former colonial administrations

Sources of international law — Acquiescence and protest — Relevance in boundary dispute — Whether establishing rules of law to be applied by international tribunal — Estoppel — Unilateral declaration — Circumstances in which unilateral declaration legally binding — Equity — Equity infra legem — Relevance in boundary dispute — Land boundary — Determination of relevant equitable considerations

International Court of Justice — Chamber — Constitution of Chamber — Dispute referred to Chamber by Special Agreement — Interim measures of protection — Outbreak of armed conflict between Parties to case before the Court — Nature of appropriate interim measures — Relationship between the role of the Court indicating interim measures and the terms of the ceasefire agreed between the Parties — Whether terms of interim measures amount to pre-judgment of merits — Law to be applied by Court — Effect of acceptance of principle by a Party — Whether precluding Court from applying contrary principle

Treaties — Unilateral declaration — When binding upon State making declaration

War and armed conflict — Cessation of active hostilities — Ceasefire agreement — Indication of interim measures by International Court of Justice — Court already seised of dispute before outbreak of hostilities

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — State corporation — Whether to be treated as alter ego of the State — Whether entitled to immunity from suit — Nature of separate legal personality — Whether corporation liable in respect of acts performed by the State — Whether debtor of corporation may assert counterclaim in respect of expropriation by State — Law determining effects of corporation’s personality — Whether matter of international law — Whether equitable principles require Court to ignore corporation’s separate personality

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — Application as part of United States law — Principles common to United States federal common law and international law — The law of the United States

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Commercial activity — Boundary between commercial activity and exercise of sovereign power — Licensing agreement permitting the capture and export of monkeys for research — Whether a commercial agreement or an exercise of sovereign power by State — Nature of State immunity — State failing to appear and claim sovereign immunity — Court required to raise question proprio motu — The law of the United States

War and armed conflict — Internal armed conflicts — Private support by United States citizens of rebels operating in Nicaragua — Whether contrary to international law — United States involvement in conflict — Whether subject to control by the courts of the United States — Whether Administration’s policy of supporting rebels violates right of Congress to declare war — Whether a justiciable question

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — United States support for Contra rebels in Nicaragua — Alien Tort Statute — Action against United States officials for alleged violation of international law — Whether justiciable — Whether courts will grant discretionary remedy in respect of sensitive issues of foreign policy

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Doctrine of immunity of the United States before its own courts — Comparison with doctrine of immunity of foreign States — Alien Tort Statute — Action against United States officials for alleged violation of international law — Action barred by United States sovereign immunity — Whether action against official of foreign State in similar circumstances would be barred by foreign State immunity — The law of the United States

International organizations — Personality — Concept of international legal personality — Organization's legal status not dependent upon law of State in which it has its seat — Limited nature of personality — Whether member States of organization liable for obligations incurred by organization — Constituent instruments of organization — Inference to be drawn from silence of constituent instruments regarding liability of members — Arbitration clause in contract concluded by organization — Whether binding upon member States

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Arbitration proceedings — Proceedings instituted against member State in respect of obligations of international organization — Whether State immune — Whether constitution of organization amounting to waiver of immunity

Arbitration — Procedure — Arbitration proceedings against different parties — Whether permissible — Whether parties can be required to defend proceedings en consorité — Proceedings against States, international organization and company

International organizations — Personality — Concept of international legal personality — Organization's legal status not dependent upon law of State in which it has its seat — Limited nature of personality — Whether member States of organization liable for obligations incurred by organization — Constituent instruments of organization — Inference to be drawn from silence of constituent instruments regarding liability of members — Arbitration clause in contract concluded by organization — Whether binding upon member States

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Arbitration proceedings — Proceedings instituted against member State in respect of obligations of international organization — Whether State immune — Whether constitution of organization amounting to waiver of immunity — The law of Switzerland

War and armed conflict — War — Definition — Whether limited to hostilities between States — Civil war — Whether capable of constituting war in international law — Recognition of belligerency — Spanish Civil War — Whether Germany a party to Spanish Civil War

Recognition — Belligerency — Governments — Whether recognition of insurgents as belligerents required to turn insurgency into war — Collective non-recognition of belligerency — Recognition of insurgents as government of State — Whether equivalent to recognition of belligerency — Whether civil war then becomes war — Spanish Civil War — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Aliens — Asylum — Entitlement to — Escape from East-Bloc country — Likelihood of prosecution for escaping if ever returned — Whether sufficient ground for granting of asylum

Aliens — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1F(b) and (c) — Non-application of Convention to persons suspected of serious non-political crimes and acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations — Whether aircraft hijacker automatically excluded from benefits of Convention — Relevance of purpose of hijacking

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Constitutional limitations — Geneva Convention Relating to Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether capable of limiting right to asylum under Basic Law of Federal Republic — Status of Convention under federal law

War and armed conflict — Terrorism — Hijacking — Hague Convention for the Suppression of the Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 1970 — European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, 1977 — Whether automatically excluding hijacker from entitlement to asylum — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States — Conditions of Statehood — Territory — Population — Government — Artificial island constructed by State outside its territorial waters and subsequently abandoned — Whether capable of constituting a State — Whether residents a people

Territory — Definition — Whether territory of a State must be part of the surface of the earth — Artificial island — Self-determination — Definition of a people

Sea — Islands — Artificial island — Whether capable of constituting sole territory of a State

Nationality — Individuals — Loss of nationality — Loss of nationality of birth by voluntary acquisition of new nationality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Foreign State — Nationalization of foreign tin-mining operations — Claim brought by former concession holder — Entitlement of nationalizing State to jurisdictional immunity — Act of sovereignty

Expropriation — Nationalization of former tin-mining concession — Claim brought by former concession holder — Whether nationalizing State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether companies benefiting from nationalization liable to pay damages — The law of France