International law — Relation to municipal law — Terms of Treaty providing for entry into force on signature — Constitution of one Contracting Party providing for requirement of ratification — Whether Treaty applicable in territory of such Party from date of signature or from date of ratification — The law of France;

Treaties — Entry into force — Terms of Treaty providing for entry into force on signature — Constitution of one Contracting Party providing for requirement of ratification — Whether Treaty applicable in territory of such Party from date of signature or from date of ratification — Treaty of August 16, 1955, between France and Vietnam — The law of France.

International Court of Justice — Procedure — Finality of judgment — Application for revision, interpretation and correction of an error — Request for revision of a judgment — Statute of the Court, Article 61 — Admissibility of request — Discovery of “new fact” — Whether Party seeking revision knew, or should have known, of existence of this fact at time of first judgment — Whether fact of such a nature as to be a decisive factor — Request for interpretation of a judgment — Statute of the Court, Article 60 — Admissibility of request — Provision in Special Agreement for Parties jointly to request “explanations and clarifications” — Whether precluding unilateral recourse to Court — Whether objection to admissibility waived by Party during oral proceedings — Whether a dispute about the meaning or scope of the judgment — Principle of res judicata — Whether real purpose of request to obtain revision of the judgment — Request for correction of an error — Whether error actually exists — Whether request without object — Request for an expert survey

Sea — Maritime boundaries — Delimitation — Continental shelf — Application of equitable principles to achieve an equitable solution — Boundaries of concession areas — Whether of decisive importance in determining location of continental shelf boundary

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Conflict between state statute restricting inheritance rights of aliens through reciprocity artd other conditions and treaties between United States and country of aliens — Supremacy of federal Treaties — Treaty of 1881 between United States and Serbia — Interpretation of, as affecting inheritance rights of Yugoslav nationals — Most-favoured-nation clause — International Monetary Fund Agreement of 1945 — Consistency of Yugoslav exchange controls therewith — Relationship to Treaty of 1881 and effect upon inheritance rights of Yugoslav nationals — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Interpretation in light of object and purpose — Treaty of 1881 between United States and Serbia — Mostfavoured — nation clause — Whether conferring inheritance rights upon Yugoslav nationals despite state statute restricting such rights — International Monetary Fund Agreement of 1945 — Consistency of Yugoslav exchange controls therewith — Relationship to Treaty of 1881 and effect upon inheritance rights of Yugoslav nationals — The law of the United States of America.

Aliens — Treatment of — Right of non-resident aliens to inherit property — Conditioned by state statute upon reciprocal right of inheritance of United States citizens in aliens' country and right to receive payments within United States from estates in such country — Conflict between statute and treaties between United States and country of aliens — Supremacy of federal treaties — Treaty of 1881 between United States and Serbia — Interpretation of, as affecting inheritance rights of Yugoslav nationals — Most-favoured-nation clause — International Monetary Fund Agreement of 1945 — Consistency of Yugoslav exchange controls therewith — Relationship of Treaty of 1881 and effect upon inheritance rights of Yugoslav nationals — The law of the United States of America.

Conclusiveness of Statements by State Department — State Territory — International Leases — Nature of Sovereignty over United States Bases in Bermuda.

State Territory — International Leases — Nature of Sovereignty over — United States Bases in Bermuda — Legislative Power of Congress over — Conclusiveness of Statement by State Department.

Belligerent Occupation — Nature and Effects of — Absence of Sovereignty of Occupant — United States Occupation of Island of Okinawa (Ryukyus Group of Islands) — Whether Occupied Territory a “Foreign Country”.

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of extradition — Extraditable crimes — Principle of speciality applied in the courts of the requesting State — The law of England

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Agency or instrumentality of foreign State — Criteria — Entity established under auspices of and supervised by foreign governmental body — Business corporation wholly owned by entity — Whether entitled to immunity under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act — Claims relating to termination of employment and termination of welfare benefit scheme — Claims by former employees of subsidiary of business corporation — Commercial activity exception to immunity — Waiver of immunity — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Order of foreign court — Whether English court having jurisdiction under English law to make restraint orders in aid of confiscation orders made by United States court — Whether appeal lying to Court of Appeal from decision of High Court judge granting restraint order — Whether restraint order being judgment in criminal cause or matter — Whether English law could apply retrospectively to external confiscation order — Whether order of United States court including interest qualifying as external confiscation order for purposes of English law — The law of England

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Debt owed to foreign State corporation — Employee of corporation wrongfully dismissed — Award of damages — Whether debt owed to corporation may be attached to enforce award of damages — Debt incurred for supplies of natural gas — Whether necessary that funds be allocated for commercial activity on which claim is based — Burden of proof regarding allocation of funds — State corporation — Separate legal personality — Whether entitled to immunity — The law of France

Treaties — Termination — Severance of diplomatic relations — Effect on bilateral treaties — Whether Treaty terminated or rendered inapplicable by severance of diplomatic relations between parties — Decision turning on whether maintenance of diplomatic relations indispensable to application of Treaty — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 63

Treaties — Termination — Supervening impossibility of performance — Bilateral treaties — Burundi–Libya Technical Co-operation Agreement, 1973 — Burundi-Libya Agreement establishing Economic Development Corporation, 1975 — Burundi preventing Libyan personnel from participating in activities of Economic Development Corporation — Whether Agreement terminated due to supervening impossibility of performance — Decision turning on whether measures taken by Burundi constituting breach of Agreement — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 61

Aliens — Expulsion — Discretion of host State to order expulsion of aliens from its territory — Limits of discretion — Minimum international standards — Requirement that State establish factual grounds giving reasonable cause for expulsion — Collective expulsion — Whether unlawful under international law — Whether presumption that collective expulsion violating minimum standards — Simultaneous expulsion by host State of aliens and diplomatic officials of same nationality — Whether provisions governing expulsion of diplomatic officials applicable to aliens — Burundi expelling all Libyan nationals on its territory on grounds of national security — Failure by Burundi to make any prior investigation as to whether expelled aliens causing threat to national security — Whether violating minimum standards

Economics, trade and finance — Economic development corporation established by inter-State agreement — Rights of shareholders — Agreement between Libya and Burundi establishing joint economic development corporation for purpose of investing in the economy of Burundi — Agreement prohibiting signatories from taking any measures violating the rights of shareholders in corporation — Burundi expelling key Libyan officials of development corporation and prohibiting all Libyan nationals from entering its territory — Whether constituting violation of Libyan shareholders' rights and thereby a violation of Agreement

International organizations — Legal status — joint economic development corporation established by bilateral Agreement — Agreement between Libya and Burundi establishing joint economic development corporation for the purpose of investing in the economy of Burundi — Whether joint economic development corporation a public international body — Effect on corporation of severance of diplomatic relations between signatories to Agreement — Libyan Arab-Burundi holding company

State responsibility — Breach of Treaty — Applicable principles — Whether responsibility for breach of Treaty governed by same principles as breach of other international obligations — Circumstances excluding wrongfulness — Force majeure — Necessity — Agreement between Burundi and Libya establishing joint economic development corporation for purpose of investing in the economy of Burundi — Agreement prohibiting signatories from taking any measures violating the rights of shareholders in corporation — Burundi breaching Agreement by denying Libyan shareholder access to development corporation — Whether Burundi allowed to invoke force majeure and necessity — International Law Commission Draft Articles on State Responsibility

State responsibility — For injury to aliens — Duty to protect aliens — Prohibition against arbitrary expulsion

Diplomatic relations — Severance — Legal effect — Severance of diplomatic relations by receiving State — Whether severance of diplomatic relations providing grounds for terminating Treaty between receiving and sending State — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 63

Diplomatic relations — Expulsion of diplomatic officials — Whether receiving State permitted arbitrarily to expel diplomatic officials — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 9

Treaties — Interpretation — Rules of interpretation — Ordinary meaning of words — Context — Travaux préparatoires — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969

Claims — Breach of Treaty — Remedies — Waiver of remedy — Claimant State waiving right to claim for restitutio in integrum — Damage — Non-material damage to State — Whether satisfaction only remedy — Whether award of monetary compensation possible — Claim brought by State on behalf of nationals unlawfully expelled from territory of foreign State

Damages — Losses for which damage recoverable — Non-material damage — Non-material damage to States — Violation of solemn obligation — Insult — Whether award of monetary compensation available as remedy — Non-material damage to individuals — Unlawful expulsion — Loss of reputation and honour — Whether award of monetary compensation available as remedy

Damages — Measure of damages — Breach of inter-State agreement establishing joint economic development corporation — Damnum emergens and lucrum cessans — Net asset value of corporation at time of unlawful act causing breach of agreement — Interest — Rate of interest — Date from which interest payable — Legal costs Sources of international law — Customary international law — Draft Articles of International Law Commission as statement of customary international law — International Law Commission Draft Articles on State Responsibility

Arbitration — Ad hoc international arbitration — Applicable law — Powers of tribunal — Procedure — Whether parties permitted to raise new ground at oral stage of proceedings — Arbitration Tribunal established by agreement between Burundi and the Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company to hear dispute concerning bilateral agreement establishing Libyan Arab-Burundi Holding Company

State Succession — Private Rights — Effect Upon Power of Attorney Granted to a Consul of Precedessor State.

State Succession — Continuation of Law — Repeal of Former Legislation — Effect upon Confiscation of Property in Pursuance of such Legislation — The Mandate for Palestine.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Effect of Legislation of Foreign Government Dissolving Corporations

Arbitration — In general — Law applied by arbitral tribunals — Municipal case — law — Application of — By Arbitral Commission.

Arbitration — Procedure — Time-limits — Reinstatement — Requirements of — Not examined by municipal court — Whether question of reinstatement to be decided by Arbitral Commission.

Human rights — Torture and inhuman and degrading treatment — Deportation to non-contracting State — Whether State responsible if it expels individual to State where risk of being subjected to torture — Existence of risk to be assessed at date case decided by Court as applicant had not yet been deported — Absolute nature of prohibition on torture and ill-treatment irrespective of individual’s conduct and activities however undesirable or dangerous — Court’s assessment of risks to prominent Sikh activist in India — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 3

Human rights — Right to liberty and security of the person — Deprivation of liberty with a view to deportation — Need for deportation proceedings to be prosecuted with due diligence — Length of deportation proceedings-Guarantees against arbitrariness of deportation proceedings — Right to take proceedings to decide lawfulness of detention — Substantive and procedural shortcomings of judicial review and advisory panel proceedings in cases involving alleged threats to national security — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5

Human rights — Right to an effective remedy in domestic law to enforce Convention rights and freedoms — Need for scrutiny independent from claim of existence of grounds for belief of risk of ill-treatment — Need for such scrutiny to ignore claims of threat to national security posed by individual — Substantive and procedural shortcomings of judicial review and advisory panel proceedings — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 13

Individuals — Position of — The Right to Travel — Right to a Passport.

States — Independence — Conduct of Foreign Relations — Exercise of Prerogative of the Crown — Whether Questionable in Courts — Passports — Issue of a Passport as a Contract — Cancellation of a Passport by the Executive — Implications of the Grant and Revocation of Passports in Relations with Foreign States — The Law of South Africa.

War and armed conflict — War crimes — Individual criminal responsibility — Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949 — Civilian population — Serbia — War in Kosovo

Human rights — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Right to life — Whether right to life violated — The law of Serbia

States as international persons — Dependent territories — Mandated and trust territories — Status of — South-West Africa (Namibia) — Nationality in — The law of Poland — Law governing the status of the inhabitant when abroad.

Nationality — Expatriation — Statute making expatriation consequence of leaving or remaining outside United States for purpose of avoiding service in armed forces — Whether statute unconstitutional on ground that it is penal in character and lacks safeguards attending criminal prosecutions — Nature of nationality and statelessness — The law of the United States of America.

Belligerent Occupation — Legislative and Administrative Functions of Occupant — Currency Issued by Occupant — Payment of Debts in Occupation Currency