War — Enforcement of Rules of — Punishment of War Crimes — Defence of Superior Orders — Jurisdiction — Criminal Jurisdiction over Aliens — Treason — Belligerent Occupation — Execution of Hostages — Reprisals — International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts over Persons seized in Violation of International Law — Prisoners of War — Conditions of Trial of — Warfare on Land — Measures and Instruments of Force — Shooting of Escaping Prisoner.

International Rivers — Jurisdiction on Rivers and in Harbours — Article 34 of the Rhine Navigation Convention of October 17, 1868 — Construction of Treaties — Restrictive Interpretation.

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Criteria for determining which assets immune from attachment and execution — Property not specifically designated for fulfilment of sovereign functions — Ship owned by foreign State company — Whether liable to attachment to secure payment of debts guaranteed by foreign State — Principles of customary international law governing immunity of assets of foreign States from enforcement jurisdiction in forum State — Distinction between jurisdictional immunity and immunity from execution — Distinction between immunity from execution and immunity from attachment

State immunity — Attachment and execution — Requirement of ministerial authorization — Legality — Property not specifically designated for fulfilment of sovereign functions — Italian Law No 1263 of 1926 — Whether authorization requirement violating constitutional right of individuals to judicial protection — Italian Constitution, Article 24

States — Conduct of foreign relations — Foreign policy interest of executive in preserving good relations with other States — Whether justifying curtailment of constitutional right of individuals to judicial protection — Rule requiring ministerial authorization for judicial enforcement against property of foreign States in forum State — Alternatives available to executive in order to avoid damage to its foreign relations — The law of Italy

State Territory — International Leases — United States Bases in the British West Indies — Whether Territory of the United States.

Nationality — Loss of — Denationalization — Conclusiveness of Attorney General’s Finding as to Status of Enemy Alien — The Law of the United States.

Equality of States — Salaries of Officials of the United Nations-Resolutions of the General Assembly — Staff Assessment Plan — Resulting Inequality Among Member States — Lack of Competence of Tribunal to Impose Resulting Burden Upon United Nations.

International Organizations — Officials of — Awards of Compensation to — Exemption from Income Tax on Sums Payable by United Nations — Resolutions of General Assembly — Staff Assessment Plan — Resulting Inequality Among Member States — Lack of Competence of Tribunal to Impose Resulting Burden Upon United Nations.

Extradition — Extradition process — Judicial phase — Misconduct by requesting State — Respondent suffering human rights violations — Whether continuation of extradition proceedings constituting abuse of judicial process — Scope of judicial role — Whether extradition judge having jurisdiction to grant a stay — Whether case warranting a stay

Terrorism — Requesting State seeking extradition of respondent on terrorism charges — Misconduct by requesting State — Respondent suffering human rights violations — Societal interest in bringing alleged terrorists to justice — Democracy and rule of law — Whether prevailing despite threat from terrorism — The law of Canada

Treaties — Termination of — By act of party — Mutual consent — Tacit — Subsequent treaty dealing with similar subject-matter — Hague Convention on Civil Procedure, 1905 — Provision exempting nationals of signatory States from giving security for costs before courts of other signatory States — France and Russia both signatory States — Agreement between France and Soviet Union suspending operation of Franco — Russian agreements — Subsequent agreements providing for freedom of access to courts by restricted categories of nationals — Whether implied denunciation of Hague Convention — The law of France.

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of receiving State — Access to courts on same terms as nationals — Hague Convention on Civil Procedure, 1905 — Security for costs — France and Russia both signatory States — Agreement between France and Soviet Union suspending operation of Franco-Russian Agreements — Subsequent agreements providing for freedom of access to courts of restricted categories of nationals — Whether implied denunciation of Hague Convention — Reciprocity — Exemption of foreign nationals in U.S.S.R. from giving security for costs — Whether Soviet national exempt from giving security for costs — The law of France.

Aliens — Expulsion of — Deportation to a Province the Sovereignty over which is Disputed.

Nationality — Naturalisation — Retention of Former Nationality — Operation of Brazilian “Tacit Naturalisation” Laws.

War — Effect of — Alien Enemies — Right to Inherit Property.

War — Effects of — Treaties between Belligerents — Alien Enemies — Status of — Right to Inherit Property.

Treaties — Operation of — Non-Ratified Treaties — Treaties not having the Effect of Law — Effect of.

Extradition — Conditions of — Reciprocity — Assurance of Reciprocity in the Request for Extradition — Absence of Designation of Penalty in the Request for Extradition — Bustamante Code — Effect of — Relevance of Absence of Formal Binding Force.

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation of municipal statute — International obligations as guide to interpretation — English Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 — Search warrants and production orders issued under 1986 Act — Whether conditions can be imposed on orders — Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 — Municipal statute interpreted to advance purposes of Convention — The law of England

Human rights — Judicial guarantees — States of emergency — “Essential” and non-derogable judicial guarantees — Relationship between obligation to provide effective judicial remedies in accordance with due process rules and right to suspend judicial guarantees — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969, Articles 25, 8 and 27(2)

International tribunals — Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Jurisdiction — Advisory opinions — Whether State Party to American Convention on Human Rights may request advisory opinion

State succession — Treaties — Newly independent State — Ivory Coast — Whether new State bound by treaty concluded by imperial predecessor — Applicability of “clean slate” principle — Whether new State required to notify treaty depositary of adherence to treaty — Significance of declaration by new State to Secretary-General of the United Nations concerning adherence to treaty

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Accession and adherence — Notification of adherence to treaty depositary — Newly independent State — Failure to notify treaty depositary of adherence to treaty concluded by former colonial power — Newly independent State not listed as party to treaty in official treaty collection of forum State — Significance — Statements by treaty depositary concerning adherence of newly independent State to treaty — Whether conclusive

Claims — Maritime claims — Whether claim for breach of contract constituting a maritime claim — International Convention Relating to the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1952, Article 1

Sources of international law — Customary international law — Provisions of Draft Convention concerning the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1985 — Whether constituting evidence of customary international law — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — Whether prior to Indian Independence Act, 1947, Governor — General in Council possessed jurisdiction in respect of Territory beyond limits of British India — Whether Regulations formerly applicable in that Territory were still in force after partition of Indian sub — continent in 1947 — The law of Pakistan.

State succession — Continuity of the law — Regulations applicable in Tribal Areas in India — Whether prior to Indian Independence Act, 1947, Governor — General in Council possessed jurisdiction in respect of territory beyond limits of British India — Partition of Indian sub — continent in 1947 — Territory not at first included within boundaries of Pakistan — Whether Regulations formerly applicable in that territory were still in force after partition of sub — continent — The law of Pakistan.

Treaties — Withdrawal — Parliamentary control — Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998 — Notice of withdrawal in terms of Article 127(1) — Section 231 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa — Whether power of national executive to negotiate and sign international treaty including power to withdraw from such treaty without prior parliamentary approval — Whether parliamentary approval to be sought after notice of withdrawal delivered to the United Nations — The law of South Africa

Aliens — Position of — Treatment by receiving State — Exemption from taxation — Bequest of alien — Under national treatment and most-favoured-nation clauses — The law of the United States of America.

Aliens — Position of — Plea of non-discrimination — National treatment — Request to alien — Exemption from taxation — most-favoured-nation clause — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Commercial treaties — Most-favoured-nation clause — Bequest to alien — Exemption from taxation — National treatment — The law of the United States of America.

Political Offences — Trial of Extradited Persons — Political Murder.

Extradition — Conditions of — Relevance of Irregularity of Extradition Proceedings — Evidence Other than that Submitted to the Requested Government — Political Offence.

Enemy Character — Of Individuals — Nationality.