Extradition — Procedure of — Government of Requested State Refusing Extradition — Enactment of Subsequent Law in Requesting State — Whether Such Law Constitutes a New Fact Justifying Requested State to Re-open Proceedings — Procedural Requirements on Re-opening Proceedings — The Law of France.

Effects of Outbreak of War — On Private Contracts — Trading with the Enemy.

Enemy Character — of Corporations — English Company with Directors in Enemy Territory — Contract Made for Company by Agents in Enemy Territory — Whether Contract the Act of the Company — Difference between Contracts Suspended and Contracts Abrogated by War — Whether Doctrines of Severance Applicable — Purported Ratification after War.

Naturalization — Acquisition of Nationality — Marriage — How far Analogous to Naturalization — Naturalization of Minors as the Result of the Naturalization of their Parents — The Law of the United States.

War — Effects of — On Contracts — Enemy Character — Dutch Nationals in Second World War — Trading with the Enemy Legislation — The Law of the United States.

War — Definition and technical meaning of — Hostilities in absence of declaration of war — The Korean Conflict — The term “act of war” in an insurance policy — The law of the United States of America.

State responsibility — Breach of treaty obligations — Breach of European Community law for which Member State responsible — Principle of State liability for damage caused to individuals — Whether inherent in treaty system — Whether applicable even where provision of European Community law breached is directly effective and can be relied upon by individuals before national courts — Whether applicable where breach attributable to national legislature — Whether State regarded as single entity in respect of liability for breaches of international commitments irrespective of organ responsible

Treaties — Interpretation — EC Treaty — Role of Court of Justice of European Community under Article 164 of Treaty — Interpretation by reference to fundamental principles of Community legal system and general principles common to legal systems of Member States — Principle of State liability for breaches of Community law — Whether inherent in treaty system — Reference to Article 215 of Treaty concerning non-contractual liability of Community institutions — Whether evidence of general principle that public authorities should make good damage caused in performance of their duties

State responsibility — Breach of treaty obligations — Breach of Community law for which Member State responsible — Conditions for State liability — Whether governed by Community law or national law — Whether conditions in principle the same whether Member State or Community institution incurring liability — Requirement that breach of Community law be sufficiently serious — Test of whether Member State or Community institution has manifestly and gravely disregarded the limits of its discretion — Whether any requirement to prove fault — Scope of applicability of national rules on liability — Requirement that conditions should be no less favourable than those applicable to similar domestic claims

Damages — Grounds for awarding damages — Breaches of Community law for which Member State responsible — Loss suffered by individuals — Scope of right to reparation under Community law — Community rules governing claims brought before national courts against Member States — Requirement that reparation must be commensurate with loss or damage sustained — Requirement that loss of profits must be claimable — Requirement that exemplary or other special damages must be available if such damages could be awarded under domestic law — Requirement that reparation should also cover loss sustained prior to court judgment finding infringement of Community law

International organizations — European Community — Liability of Member States for breaches of treaty obligations causing loss to individuals — Breach attributable to national legislature — Whether claims can be brought by individuals before national courts — Conditions for liability — Scope of right to reparation — The law of the European Community

Occupation — Rights and Duties of Occupant — Respect for Local Law — Jurisdiction of Occupation Tribunals — Trial of Member of Legislative Assembly of Occupied Country — Claim to Immunity as Member of such Assembly.

War — Occupation of Enemy Territory — Respect for Private Property — Sequestration of Private Property on Racial Grounds.

Human rights — Inhuman treatment — Death penalty — Delay in carrying out execution — “Death row phenomenon” — Whether constituting inhuman treatment — Fair trial — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Articles 7, 9, 10, 14 and 17

International organization and administration — International officials — European Space Operations Centre — Whether official entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts in respect of civil litigation concerning employment dispute — Acts performed in official capacity — Whether international law requires the granting of specific exemptions to officials of international organizations — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Space Research Organization, 1963, Article 16(a) — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Official of European Space Operations Centre — Whether entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts in respect of civil litigation concerning employment dispute — Acts performed in official capacity — Whether international law requires the granting of specific exemptions to officials of international organizations — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Space Research Organization, 1963, Article 16(a) — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Recognition — Of Conquest — De facto Recognition — Conflict of Jurisdiction of De jure and De facto Governments — Rights and Authority of Government Recognised De facto — How far comparable with Rights of Army of Occupation — Retroactivity of Recognition

War and neutrality — Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Legislative, judicial and administrative functions of Occupant — Geneva Convention relative to Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949 (Article 64) — Repeal or suspension of penal laws in occupied territory — Discretion of Occupying Power regarding investigations, rules of procedure and evidence before military courts-Operation of dual legal system in occupied territory — Position of new Government as new sovereign — Function of military courts — Nature of military legislation — Defence (Emergency) Regulations — The law of Israel

International Organization — The United Nations Headquarters District — Protection against Obstruction — Picketing of Entrance — Headquarters Agreement between United Nations and United States of America, 1947 — Obligations of the United States Under.

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Expropriation of foreign — owned banks by Republic of Cuba — Measure of compensation — Lack of clear international law standard — Effect of resolutions of United Nations General Assembly — Effect of compromise settlements — Appropriate compensation — Whether including 'going concern value' — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation of foreign owned property — Whether justiciable — counterclaims in respect of expropriation — Conditions of justiciability — Effect of Executive statement that act of State doctrine need not be applied — Damages issue — Whether justiciable — Lack of clear international law standard — Measure of compensation for expropriation — Appropriate compensation — Whether including ‘going concern value’ — Effect of resolution of United Nations General Assembly — Effect of compromise — Nationalization of foreign banks by Cuba — The law of the United States

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On private contracts — Pre-war contract with enemy company regarding retransfer of trade marks and goodwill relating to a business — Effect of war on such contract — Whether contract abrogated — Rights of the enemy company under the contract — Whether vesting in the Custodian of Enemy Property — Effect of the vesting on the right of action of the enemy company — The law of Southern Rhodesia

Human rights — Military service — Conscientious objection — Review of conviction and sentence — Right to appeal — Discrimination — Distinction between military and civilian regimes — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966

International tribunals — Procedure — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Optional Protocol to International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Communication alleging violations of Covenant — Inadmissibility ratione materiae

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Requirement that claim must have been owned by national at relevant date — Relevant date laid down by treaty.

Human rights — Jurisdiction — State responsibility for securing rights and freedoms — Whether limited to the territory of a State — State exercising effective control of territory outside its borders as a result of military action — Whether violations of human rights in that territory imputable to the State — Whether State responsible for acts of local administration — Cyprus — Whether northern Cyprus within the jurisdiction of Turkey for purposes of Article 1, European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether Turkey responsible for acts of “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus”

Human rights — Remedies — Courts of “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” — Whether to be treated as courts for purposes of European Convention on Human Rights — Relevance of illegality of establishment of “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” — Namibia doctrine — Whether courts of northern Cyprus affording remedies — Duty to exhaust domestic remedies — Whether courts of northern Cyprus independent and impartial tribunals — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 6, 13 and 35

Human rights — Right to life — Whether State can violate right to life by failing to provide access to medical care — Degrading treatment — Systematic discrimination — Greek Cypriots living in enclave in northern Cyprus — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 2, 3 and 5

Human rights — Right to property — Right to respect for home and family life — Greek Cypriots displaced from northern Cyprus by 1974 fighting — Whether violations of rights to property and home — Greek Cypriots enclaved in northern Cyprus — Restrictions on succession — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8, Protocol 1, Article 1

Human rights — Rights to freedom of expression, association and religion — Limits — Whether violated by administration in northern Cyprus — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 9, 10 and 11

Human rights — Discrimination — Systematic discrimination — Discrimination as separate basis for violation of Convention — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 14

Human rights — Claims of violations — European Court of Human Rights — Inter-State applications — Standard and burden of proof- — Proof beyond reasonable doubt — Claims regarding compatibility in abstracto of laws with Convention — Whether admissible

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Effect of resolutions — Resolutions not adopted under Chapter VII of Charter — Resolutions 541 (1983) and 550 (1994) — Situation in Cyprus — Invalidity of establishment of “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” — Effects — Reports by United Nations on conditions in northern Cyprus — Evidential value

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — Procedure — European Court of Human Rights — Limitation on jurisdiction — Claims added after decision on jurisdiction

Recognition — States — Effects of non-recognition — “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” — Whether a State — Whether general duty of non-recognition — Whether duty of non-recognition subject to exceptions — Namibia doctrine — Validity of day-to-day acts

State responsibility — Imputability — Whether acts of separate entity imputable to the State — Degree of overall control required — “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” — Whether controlled by Turkey — Whether acts imputable to Turkey

States — Existence of State — Entity not recognized by international community, with exception of one State — “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus”

War and armed conflict — Legality of resort to force — Occupation — Turkish intervention in Cyprus in 1974 and subsequent presence in northern Cyprus

State succession — Treaties — Extradition Treaty — Whether newly-independent State succeeding to rights and obligations under Extradition Treaty — Denmark-United States Extradition Treaty, 1902 — Whether Iceland becoming party to Extradition Treaty on independence — Significance of the views of the United States and Icelandic Governments — Termination of Treaty between Denmark and the United States — Significance

Treaties — Duration — State succession — Extradition Treaty — Whether binding upon newly-independent State — Termination of treaty by former colonial power subsequent to granting of independence to newly-independent State — Effect

Extradition — Conditions — Allegations that accused would be mistreated if extradited — Whether matter for Executive or courts

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Role of the Executive and the courts — Treaties — Determination as to whether treaty in force with foreign State — Whether determination to be made by the Executive or the courts — The law of the United States

Aliens — Refugees — Refugee status — United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Interpretation and application of Article 1F(b) — Exception in event of “serious non-political crime” — Bombing of business premises of supporters of present government — Killing and injuring of innocent bystanders — Whether constituting serious non-political crime — Incidence test — Whether crimes being executed in context of violent opposition to government — Whether real nexus between crime and political objective — Whether means being employed proportionate to political objective pursued — The law of Canada