Enemy Character — Of Individuals — Nationality.

Occupation — Rights and Duties of Occupant — Respect for Local Law — Jurisdiction of Occupation Tribunals — Trial of Member of Legislative Assembly of Occupied Country — Claim to Immunity as Member of such Assembly.

State responsibility — Breach of treaty obligations — Breach of European Community law for which Member State responsible — Principle of State liability for damage caused to individuals — Whether inherent in treaty system — Whether applicable even where provision of European Community law breached is directly effective and can be relied upon by individuals before national courts — Whether applicable where breach attributable to national legislature — Whether State regarded as single entity in respect of liability for breaches of international commitments irrespective of organ responsible

Treaties — Interpretation — EC Treaty — Role of Court of Justice of European Community under Article 164 of Treaty — Interpretation by reference to fundamental principles of Community legal system and general principles common to legal systems of Member States — Principle of State liability for breaches of Community law — Whether inherent in treaty system — Reference to Article 215 of Treaty concerning non-contractual liability of Community institutions — Whether evidence of general principle that public authorities should make good damage caused in performance of their duties

State responsibility — Breach of treaty obligations — Breach of Community law for which Member State responsible — Conditions for State liability — Whether governed by Community law or national law — Whether conditions in principle the same whether Member State or Community institution incurring liability — Requirement that breach of Community law be sufficiently serious — Test of whether Member State or Community institution has manifestly and gravely disregarded the limits of its discretion — Whether any requirement to prove fault — Scope of applicability of national rules on liability — Requirement that conditions should be no less favourable than those applicable to similar domestic claims

Damages — Grounds for awarding damages — Breaches of Community law for which Member State responsible — Loss suffered by individuals — Scope of right to reparation under Community law — Community rules governing claims brought before national courts against Member States — Requirement that reparation must be commensurate with loss or damage sustained — Requirement that loss of profits must be claimable — Requirement that exemplary or other special damages must be available if such damages could be awarded under domestic law — Requirement that reparation should also cover loss sustained prior to court judgment finding infringement of Community law

International organizations — European Community — Liability of Member States for breaches of treaty obligations causing loss to individuals — Breach attributable to national legislature — Whether claims can be brought by individuals before national courts — Conditions for liability — Scope of right to reparation — The law of the European Community

Recognition of Acts of Foreign States — Confiscatory Legislation — Extra-Territorial Effect of — Expropriation of Foreign Business Enterprise by Foreign State — Situs of Trade Marks — Right of Expropriated Owners of Enterprise to Institute Proceedings for Infringement of Trade Mark — Whether Joinder of Expropriating Government Required — Law of Procedure in New York State.

Treaties — Operation of — Relation to municipal legislation — Treaty for unification of certain municipal rules — Right reserved by Contracting Parties to enact an exception provision deviating from provision in treaty in certain circumstances — Municipal legislation not in accordance with terms of relevant treaty provision — Whether municipal provision without effect and inapplicable — Application of municipal provision in the light of relevant treaty provision — Interpretation of treaty — Preparatory work — Brussels Convention of 1910 for Unification of Certain Rules of Law concerning Collisions at Sea, Article 7 — The law of the Netherlands.

Human rights — Freedom of expression — Limits on freedom of expression — Ban on cable retransmission in Switzerland of radio broadcasts from Italy — Whether justifiable interference with freedom of expression — Whether legitimate aim — Whether necessary in a democratic society — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 10

Treaties — Interpretation — Meaning of “victim” — Whether applicant victim — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 25 (1)

Claims — Remedies — Existence of effective remedies — Effectiveness of remedies — National court dismissing appeals as moot — Whether denial of effective remedy before a national authority — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 13

Aliens — Deportation of — Change in Government of Country of Origin.

Belligerent Occupation — Rights and Duties of Occupant — Issue of Currency by Occupant — Article 23, Hague Regulations — Japanese Occupation of Burma.

Belligerent Occupation — Nature and Effects of — Issue of Currency by Occupant — Occupation Courts — Order for Payment of Money — Whether Enforceable in Ordinary Currency after Reoccupation — Japanese Occupation of Burma — Japanese Military Ordinance No. 6 of 1942 — Article 23 of Hague Regulations.

Nationality — Loss of — Naturalization — By Statute — Revocation — Act No. 35 of 1942 — Union of South Africa — Statelessness — Operation of Law of Original Nationality — Law of Germany — Relationship of International Law to Municipal Law — Incorporation of Treaties in Municipal Law — Effect of Ratification — Treaties — Operation of — Interpretation of — Agency of Interpretation — Effect on Subjects of Contracting Parties — Loss of Nationality — Germans in South-West Africa — Mandates — Nationality in South-West Africa — Article 278 of Treaty of Versailles — War — Effects of — Resident Alien Enemies — Deportation — British Commonwealth of Nations — British Nationality — Naturalization in Union of South Africa — Recognition throughout Commonwealth.

Belligerent Occupation — Legislative and Judicial Functions of Occupant — Whether Occupant Has Power to Legislate in Social Field and in Matters of Family Law — German Occupation of Norway — Provision of Maintenance for Child of German Father and Norwegian Mother

International organizations — Immunities and privileges — Headquarters agreement — Jurisdictional immunity — Waiver — African Reinsurance Corporation — Headquarters Agreement with Nigeria — Whether conferring immunity from process and submission to local jurisdiction

Treaties — Treaty between members of the Organization of African Unity and the African Development Bank forming an international organization — Headquarters Agreement between organization and Nigeria — Treaty not enacted into law — Whether employee can rely on Treaty to seek special damages for wrongful dismissal — The law of Nigeria

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Labour relations proceedings — Certification proceedings instituted by Canadian union with respect to Canadian support staff at United States navy base located in Canada — Whether United States immune from certification proceedings — Whether employment of civilian support personnel commercial or sovereign activity — Meaning of commercial activity — Whether “private person” test applicable — Canadian State Immunity Act 1980 — The law of Canada

Aliens — Refugees — Determination of refugee status — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 and Protocol, 1967 — Well-founded fear of persecution — Appellant creating by his own actions circumstances that may give rise to persecution if returned to his country of nationality — Whether a refugee sur place — United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees' Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status — Guidance from — Migration Act 1958 (Commonwealth)

Treaties — Interpretation — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 and Protocol, 1967 — Materials for guidance in treatment of provisions of Convention — Well-founded fear of persecution — Appellant creating a ground for refugee status by actions in country of refuge — Whether a refugee sur place — United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees' Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status — Guidance from — Whether fear of persecution well-founded — The law of Australia

Jurisdiction — Over Resident Aliens — Treason Committed during Enemy Occupation.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Effect of Decrees of Foreign Government Purporting to Monopolise Certain Kinds of Economic Activity, to Dissolve Existing Companies, and to Nationalise Their Property.

Acquisition of Nationality — Resumption of Nationality of Origin — The Law of the United States.

Naturalization — Of Parents — The Children’s Right of Election — The Law of the United States.

Loss of Nationality — Effect upon Children — The Law of the United States.

Dual Nationality — Loss of Nationality — Effect upon Children — Resumption of Nationality of Origin — Effect upon Nationality of Children — Naturalization of Parents and the Children’s Right of Election — The Law of the United States.

War and armed conflict — Nuclear weapons — Whether possession and deployment of nuclear weapons contrary to international law — Whether constituting a threat to use force — Damage to property used in connection with deployment of nuclear weapons — Whether damage would be justified if deployment of nuclear weapons unlawful under international law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — Customary international law forming part of the law of Scotland — Whether content of customary international law can be proved by evidence — Whether customary international law capable of providing defence in criminal prosecution — The law of Scotland

Nationality — Naturalization — Effect on eligibility for naturalization of claim by resident alien to draft exemption pursuant to treaty provisions — Effect of withdrawal of claim and subsequent military service — The law of the United States of America.

Consuls — Privileges and immunities of — Immunity from civil suit based on action of consul in sending letter to a court as to status of a national — Such action as performance of official duties — The law of the United States of America.

Mixed Commission to settle disputes arising from restoration and compensation provisions in Treaty of Peace with Japan — Reference to decision by Conciliation Commission set up under another treaty of peace in pari materiae — Anglo — Japanese Property Commission — Reference to decision of United States — Italian Conciliation Commission.

Anglo — Japanese Property Commission — J urisdiction — Compensation under Treaty of Peace already paid — Incidence of taxationon compensation monies — Possible breach of Treaty of Peace and of Compensation Law incorporated in Treaty — Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951, Article 15 (a) — Draft Allied Powers Property Compensation Law, Article 21.

Treaties of peace — Performance of — Payment of compensation for loss or damage to property — Extent and meaning of tax exemption provision — Determination of moment when compensation transaction completed — Treaty of Peace with Japan, 1951, Article 15 (a) — Draft Allied Powers Property Compensation Law, Article 21.